Upgrading and Validation of the AMBER Force Field for Histidine and Cysteine Zinc(II)-Binding Residues in Sites with Four Protein Ligands

We developed and validated a novel force field in the context of the AMBER parameterization for the simulation of zinc­(II)-binding proteins. The proposed force field assumes nonbonded spherical interactions between the central zinc­(II) and the coordinating residues. A crucial innovative aspect of our approach is to account for the polarization effects of the cation by redefining the atomic charges of the coordinating residues and an adjustment of Lennard-Jones parameters of Zn-interacting atoms to reproduce mean distance distributions. The optimal transferable parametrization was obtained by performing accurate quantum mechanical calculations on a training set of high-quality protein structures, encompassing the most common folds of zinc­(II) sites. The addressed sites contain a zinc­(II) ion tetra-coordinated by histidine and cysteine residues and represent about 70% of all physiologically relevant zinc­(II) sites in the Protein Data Bank. Molecular dynamics simulations with explicit solvent, carried out on several zinc­(II)-binding proteins not included in the training set, show that our model for zinc­(II) sites preserves the tetra-coordination of the metal site with remarkable stability, yielding zinc­(II)–X mean distances similar to experimental data. Finally, the model was tested by evaluating the zinc­(II)-binding affinities, using the alchemical free energy perturbation approach. The calculated dissociation constants correlate satisfactorily with the experimental counterpart demonstrating the validity and transferability of the proposed parameterization for zinc­(II)-binding proteins.