Dhaka Low Income Area Gender, Inclusion, and Poverty Survey 2018 - Bangladesh

Abstract
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The 2018 Dhaka Low Income Area Gender, Inclusion, and Poverty (DIGNITY) survey attempts to fill in the data and knowledge gaps on women's economic empowerment in urban areas, specifically the factors that constrain women in slums and low-income neighborhoods from engaging in the labor market and supplying their labor to wage earning or self-employment. While an array of national-level datasets has collected a wide spectrum of information, they rarely comprise all of the information needed to study the drivers of Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP). This data gap is being filled by the primary data collection of the specialized DIGNITY survey; it is representative of poor urban areas and is specifically designed to address these limitations. The DIGNITY survey collected information from 1,300 urban households living in poor areas of Dhaka in 2018 on a range of issues that affect FLFP as identified through the literature. These range from household composition and demographic characteristics to socioeconomic characteristics such as detailed employment history and income (including locational data and travel details); and from technical and educational attributes to issues of time use, migration history, and attitudes and perceptions.

The DIGNITY survey was designed to shed light on poverty, economic empowerment, and livelihood in urban areas of Bangladesh. It has two main modules: the traditional household module (in which the head of household is interviewed on basic information about the household); and the individual module, in which two respondents from each household are interviewed individually. In the second module, two persons - one male and one female from each household, usually the main couple, are selected for the interview. The survey team deployed one male and one female interviewer for each household, so that the gender of the interviewers matched that of the respondents. Collecting economic data directly from a female and male household member, rather than just the head of the household (who tend to be men in most cases), was a key feature of the DIGNITY survey.

Geographic coverage
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The DIGNITY survey is representative of low-income areas and slums of the Dhaka City Corporations (North and South, from here on referred to as Dhaka CCs), and an additional low-income site from the Greater Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area (SMA).

Analysis unit
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- Household
- Individual

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sampling procedure followed a two-stage stratification design. The major features include the following steps (they are discussed in more detail in a copy of the study's report and the sampling document located in "External Resources"):

FIRST STAGE: Selection of the PSUs

Low-income primary sampling units (PSUs) were defined as nonslum census enumeration areas (EAs), in which the small-sample area estimate of the poverty rate is higher than 8 percent (using the 2011 Bangladesh Poverty Map). The sampling frame for these low-income areas in the Dhaka City Corporations (CCs) and Greater Dhaka is based on the population census of 2011. For the Dhaka CCs, all low-income census EAs formed the sampling frame. In the Greater Dhaka area, the frame was formed by all low-income census EAs in specific thanas (i.e. administrative unit in Bangladesh) where World Bank project were located.

Three strata were used for sampling the low-income EAs. These strata were defined based on the poverty head-count ratios. The first stratum encompasses EAs with a poverty headcount ratio between 8 and 10 percent; the second stratum between 11 and 14 percent; and the third stratum, those exceeding 15 percent.

Slums were defined as informal settlements that were listed in the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics' slum census from 2013/14. This census was used as sampling frame of the slum areas. Only slums in the Dhaka City Corporations are included. Again, three strata were used to sample the slums. This time the strata were based on the size of the slums. The first stratum comprises slums of 50 to 75 households; the second 76 to 99 households; and the third, 100 or more households. Small slums with fewer than 50 households were not included in the sampling frame. Very small slums were included in the low-income neighborhood selection if they are in a low-income area.

Altogether, the DIGNITY survey collected data from 67 PSUs.

SECOND STAGE: Selection of the Households

In each sampled PSU a complete listing of households was done to form the frame for the second stage of sampling: the selection of households. When the number of households in a PSU was very large, smaller sections of the neighborhood were identified, and one section was randomly selected to be listed. The listing data collected information on the demographics of the household to determine whether a household fell into one of the three categories that were used to stratify the household sample:

i) households with both working-age male and female members;
ii) households with only a working-age female;
iii) households with only a working-age male.

Households were selected from each stratum with the predetermined ratio of 16:3:1. In some cases there were not enough households in categories (ii) and (iii) to stick to this ratio; in this case all of the households in the category were sampled, and additional households were selected from the first category to bring the total number of households sampled in each PSU to 20.

The total sample consisted of 1,300 households (2,378 individuals).

Sampling deviation
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The sampling for 1300 households was planned after the listing exercise. During the field work, about 115 households (8.8 percent) could not be interviewed due to household refusal or absence. These households were replaced with reserved households in the sample.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument
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The questionnaires for the survey were developed by the World Bank, with assistance from the survey firm, DATA. Comments were incorporated following the pilot tests and practice session/pretest.

Cleaning operations
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Collected data was entered into a computer by using the customized MS Access data input software developed by Data Analysis and Technical Assistance (DATA). Once data entry was completed, two different techniques were employed to check consistency and validity of data as follows:

1. Five (5%) percent of the filled-in questionnaire was checked against entered data to measure the transmission error or typos, and;
2. A logical consistency checking technique was employed to identify inconsistencies using SPSS and or STATA software.

摘要
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2018年达卡低收入区域性别、包容性与贫困（DIGNITY）调查旨在填补关于城市地区女性经济赋权的知识与数据空白，特别是阻碍女性在贫民窟和低收入社区参与劳动力市场并向工资收入或自营职业提供劳动力的因素。尽管众多国家级数据集收集了广泛的信息，但它们很少包含研究女性劳动力参与率（FLFP）驱动因素所需的所有信息。这一数据空白通过DIGNITY调查的原始数据收集得到填补；该调查代表贫困城市地区，并专门设计以解决这些局限性。DIGNITY调查在2018年从达卡贫困地区收集了1300户城市家庭的信息，这些信息涉及影响FLFP的众多问题，这些问题是通过文献研究确定的。这些问题范围从家庭构成和人口统计学特征到社会经济特征，如详细的就业历史和收入（包括位置数据和旅行详情）；从技术属性和教育属性到时间使用、迁移历史以及态度和观念。

DIGNITY调查旨在揭示孟加拉国城市地区的贫困、经济赋权和生活来源。它包含两个主要模块：传统的家庭模块（在家庭负责人被采访有关家庭基本信息时使用）；以及个人模块，其中每个家庭的两名受访者分别接受采访。在第二个模块中，每个家庭选出两名受访者——一名男性和一名女性，通常是主要夫妇。每个家庭分配了一名男性和一名女性调查员，以便调查员的性别与受访者的性别相匹配。直接从家庭中的男性和女性成员收集经济数据，而不是仅从家庭负责人（在大多数情况下往往是男性）收集，这是DIGNITY调查的一个关键特征。

地理覆盖范围
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DIGNITY调查代表达卡市公司（北区和南区，以下称为达卡CC）的低收入地区和贫民窟，以及来自达卡统计大都市区（SMA）的一个额外低收入地区。

分析单位
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- 家庭
- 个人

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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抽样程序遵循两阶段分层设计。主要步骤如下（在研究报告和位于“外部资源”中的抽样文件中有更详细的讨论）:

第一阶段：选择 PSU

低收入初级抽样单位（PSU）被定义为非贫民窟的普查区（EA），其中小样本地区的贫困率估计高于8%（使用2011年孟加拉国贫困图）。这些低收入地区在达卡市公司（CC）和达卡大区（GD）的抽样框架基于2011年的人口普查。对于达卡CC，所有低收入普查区构成了抽样框架。在达卡大区，框架由所有位于特定thanas（即孟加拉国的行政单位）的低收入普查区形成，这些地区有世界银行项目。

用于抽样低收入EA的三个层级基于贫困人口比例。第一个层级包括贫困人口比例在8%至10%之间的EA；第二个层级在11%至14%之间；第三个层级超过15%。

贫民窟被定义为列在2013/14年孟加拉国统计局贫民窟普查中的非正式定居点。这次普查被用作贫民窟地区的抽样框架。仅包括达卡市公司的贫民窟。同样，也使用了三个层级来抽样贫民窟。这次层级基于贫民窟的大小。第一个层级包括50至75户家庭的贫民窟；第二个层级为76至99户家庭；第三个层级为100户或更多家庭。小于50户的小型贫民窟不包括在抽样框架中。非常小的贫民窟如果位于低收入地区，则包括在低收入社区选择中。

总共，DIGNITY调查从67个PSU收集了数据。

第二阶段：选择家庭

在每个抽样PSU中进行完整的家庭清单，以形成第二阶段抽样的框架：选择家庭。当PSU中的家庭数量非常大时，会确定较小的社区部分，并随机选择一个部分进行清单。清单数据收集有关家庭的人口统计学信息，以确定家庭是否属于用于分层家庭样本的三个类别之一：
i) 同时有工作年龄男性和女性成员的家庭；ii) 只有工作年龄女性的家庭；iii) 只有工作年龄男性的家庭。

从每个层级中按预定比例16:3:1选择家庭。在某些情况下，类别（ii）和（iii）中的家庭数量不足以坚持这一比例；在这种情况下，该类别的所有家庭都被抽样，并从第一个类别中额外选择家庭，以使每个PSU中抽样的家庭总数达到20户。

总样本由1,300户家庭（2,378人）组成。

抽样偏差
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在清单工作完成后，计划了对1300户家庭的抽样。在实地工作中，约115户家庭（8.8%）由于家庭拒绝或缺席而无法接受采访。这些家庭用样本中预留的家庭替换。

数据收集方式
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计算机辅助个人访谈 [capi]

研究工具
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调查问卷由世界银行开发，DATA公司协助。在试点测试和练习/预测试后，纳入了评论。

清理操作
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使用由数据分析和技术援助（DATA）开发的定制MS Access数据输入软件将收集的数据输入计算机。一旦数据输入完成，采用了两种不同的技术来检查数据的一致性和有效性，如下所示：

1. 检查了5%（5%）填写的问卷与输入数据的对照，以测量传输错误或输入错误；

2. 采用逻辑一致性检查技术，使用SPSS和/或STATA软件识别不一致。