Polyglutamylation of microtubules drives neuronal remodeling

Developmental remodeling shapes neural circuits via activity-dependent pruning of synapses and axons. The cytoskeleton is critical for this process, as microtubule loss via enzymatic severing is an early step of pruning across many circuits and species. However, how microtubule-severing enzymes, such as spastin, are activated in specific neuronal compartments remains unknown. Here, we reveal that polyglutamylation, a posttranslational tubulin modification that is enriched in neurons, plays an instructive role in developmental remodeling by tagging microtubules for severing. Motor neuron-specific gene deletion of enzymes that add or remove tubulin polyglutamylationTTLL glutamylases vs. CCP deglutamylasesaccelerates or delays neuromuscular synapse remodeling in a neurotransmission-dependent manner. This mechanism is not specific to peripheral synapses but also operates in central circuits, e.g., the hippocampus. Thus, tubulin polyglutamylation acts as an activity-dependent rheostat of remodeling and shapes neuronal morphology and connectivity. RNA sequencing following ribotagging from murine spinal cord at different postnatal ages (day 5, 7, 9, 11, 14). HA-tag on ribosomes was induced by crossbreeding RiboTag (also known as Rpl22tm1.1Psam, JAX #011029), ChAT-Cre (Chattm2(cre)Lowl, JAX #006410), and Spast flox mice (Brill et al., Neuron, 2016).