Improving hydrogen generation from biomass and solid waste by combining sonophotocatalysis through carbon-based materials: Challenges and future perspectives

Environmental pollution is becoming one of the main issues facing human civilisation as a result of the world's growing industrialisation. Using limitless solar energy, photocatalysis may be used to address environmental issues. Whilst, the incorporation of ultrasonic cavitation in the various processes such as fenton-like process, electrochemical process, and specially sono-photocatalysis that offers ideal conditions for increasing biomass fragmentation and conversion into target products. and green hydrogen within a lesser reaction time. The scientific community and industry have taken a serious interest in the intensification of ultrasonic processes for a variety of applications, as well as the resulting synergistic effects based on conventional comparison in literature. In light of this, the purpose of this review is to summarize the current research in the field, provide an overview of the recent studies of ultrasound-assisted different catalysis process for hydrogen production and discuss their limits and validity, compare them as conventional techniques. Finally, a few future perspectives in form of suggestions on the ultrasound-assisted photocatalysis for hydrogen production from a various biomass models and different wastes, and highlighting the role and recent evolution of carbon-based materials in this field are presented together with current issues and challenges and clarify future attitudes in the hopes of exploring this ideal combination for large-scale H2 production.