predators_paropsineimmatures_Dillon.csv

Sustainable eucalypt forestry in New Zealand is compromised by two defoliating paropsine beetles, <i>Paropsis charybdi</i>s and <i>Paropsisterna cloelia </i>(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Egg and larval parasitoids provide inconsistent control; hence predators present an additional integrated pest management tool. The community of arthropod predators present on <i>Eucalyptus </i><i>bosistoana</i> trees was defined in fortnightly abundance assessments from September to March over two consecutive growth seasons at a site in Marlborough. Subsequently, predatory taxa suspected of feeding on the two pest beetles were identified and their predation activity estimated by combining quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of field-collected predators (i.e., percentage of individuals testing positive for each predator taxon) and field observations of predation events. The paropsine predator community consisted of three Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) species, one Miridae (Hemiptera), one Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera), one Pentatomidae (Hemiptera), one Anystidae (Acari), one Erythraeidae (Acari), and the three spider families Araneidae, Oxyopidae, and Salticidae (Araneae). <i>Oechalia </i><i>schellenbergii</i> (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and <i>Cleobora mellyi </i>(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were the most promising candidates for the support of future paropsine control in New Zealand. <i>Oechalia schellenbergii </i>was the most abundant predatory insect and the most active predator with 100% individuals testing positive for the paropsines, and the only predator taxon that fed as both immatures and adults on all paropsine life stages. <i>Cleobora mellyi </i>was the second most active predator with an estimated 82% individuals testing positive for paropsines. In conclusion, augmentative or conservation biocontrol using these two predators is a promising integrated pest management opportunity. Research on methods to achieve this in plantations are required.