Enterprise Survey 2007 - Ghana

Abstract
---------------------------

The Ghana Enterprise Survey was conducted in June 2007. Data from 616 establishments in private manufacturing and services sectors were analyzed.

The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through face-to-face interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Geographic coverage
---------------------------

National

Analysis unit
---------------------------

The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
---------------------------

The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors.

Kind of data
---------------------------

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
---------------------------

The sample for registered establishments in Ghana was selected using stratified random sampling. Three levels of stratification were used in the Ghana sample: firm sector, firm size and region.

The survey targeted establishments located in Accra, Kumasi, Takoradi, and Tamale in the following industries (according to ISIC, revision 3.1): all manufacturing sectors (group D), construction (group F), retail and wholesale services (sub-groups 52 and 51 of group G), hotels and restaurants (group H), transport, storage, and communications (group I), and computer and related activities (sub-group 72 of group K).

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition used for the Enterprise Surveys: micro (1 to 4 employees), small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers.

A satisfactory list of establishments was sourced from the Ghana Statistical Service. This list was used to set the target sample size for each stratum. During the survey period, the master list was updated as new information regarding establishments that had closed or were out-of-scope was gathered. The final population size in all strata and locations was 22123, with the vast majority of establishments operating in the micro and manufacturing strata.

In Ghana, the survey included panel data collected from establishments surveyed in the 2003 Oxford Investment Climate Survey (ICS) of Ghana. That survey included establishments in all four manufacturing strata distributed across the entire country. In order to collect the largest possible set of panel data, an attempt was made to contact and survey every establishment in the panel, provided it was located in one of the four cities covered by this survey, it operated in the universe under study, and that the number of panel firms of a certain size in a given industry in a given city did not exceed the number of establishments in the corresponding sample structure. The remainder of the sample (including the entire rest of universe and retail sample in each city) was selected at random from the master list by a computer program.

In this survey, the micro establishment stratum covers all establishments of the targeted categories of economic activity with less than 5 employees. Due to difficulty to obtain trustworthy information from official sources about micro establishments, the implementing agency (EEC Canada) selected an aerial sampling approach to estimate the population of establishments and select the sample in this stratum for all regions of the survey.

First, to randomly select individual micro establishments for surveying, the following procedure was followed: i) select districts and specific zones of each district where there was a high concentration of micro establishments; ii) count all micro establishments in these specific zones; iii) based on this count, create a virtual list and select establishments at random from that virtual list; and iv) based on the ratio between the number selected in each specific zone and the total population in that zone, create and apply a skip rule for selecting establishments in that zone.

The districts and the specific zones were selected at first according to national sources. The implementing team then went in the field to verify these national sources and to count micro establishments. Once the count for each zone was completed, the numbers were sent back to EEC head office in Montreal.

At the head office, the count by zone was converted into one list of sequential numbers for the whole survey region, and a computer program performed a random selection of the determined number of establishments from the list. Then, based on the number that the computer selected in each specific zone, a skip rule was defined to select micro establishments to survey in that zone. The skip rule for each zone was sent back to the EEC field team.

In Ghana, enumerators were sent to each zone with instructions to how to apply the skip rule defined for that zone as well as how to select replacements in the event of a refusal or other cause of non-participation.

Mode of data collection
---------------------------

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
---------------------------

The current survey instruments are available:
- Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- Core Questionnaire + Retail Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- Core Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- Micro Establishments Questionnaire (for establishments with 1 to 4 employees).

The "Core Questionnaire" is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the "Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module" and the "Core Questionnaire + Retail Module." The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

The survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, registration, and performance measures. The questionnaire also assesses the survey respondents' opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

摘要
---------------------------
加纳企业调查于2007年6月进行。分析了来自私营制造业和服务业616个单位的调查数据。
调查的目的是从客户国家的企业获取对私营部门状况的反馈，并有助于构建一个企业数据面板，以便能够跟踪随时间变化的企业环境，从而允许进行例如改革影响的评估。通过面对面访谈制造业和服务业的企业，调查评估了私营部门增长的限制，并创建了跨国家具有可比性的、具有统计学意义的商业环境指标。
标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资获取、年度销售额、投入/劳动成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正式性、商业与政府关系、创新与技术，以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确定了国家商业环境的特征。其余问题评估了调查受访者对阻碍企业增长和绩效的看法。
地理覆盖范围
---------------------------
全国
分析单元
---------------------------
本研究的主要抽样单元是单位。单位是指进行商业活动和工业操作或提供服务的地方。一个企业可能由一个或多个单位组成。例如，一个啤酒厂可能有几个灌装厂和几个用于分销的单位。在本调查中，单位必须能够独立做出财务决策，并拥有与其企业财务报表分开的财务报表。单位还必须拥有自己的管理和对其工资单的控制。
总体
---------------------------
企业调查的总体，即涵盖的范围，是非农业经济。它包括：根据ISIC修订3.1组分类的所有制造业部门（组D）、建筑业（组F）、服务业（组G和组H），以及运输、仓储和通信部门（组I）。请注意，此人口定义不包括以下部门：金融中介（组J）、房地产和租赁活动（组K，除子部门72，IT外，该子部门已被纳入研究总体），以及所有公共或公用事业部门。
数据类型
---------------------------
样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
---------------------------
加纳注册单位的样本使用分层随机抽样法选取。在加纳样本中使用了三个分层级别：企业部门、企业规模和地区。
调查针对以下行业中位于阿克拉、库马西、塔科拉迪和塔马莱的单位（根据ISIC修订3.1）：所有制造业部门（组D）、建筑业（组F）、零售和批发服务业（组G的第52和第51个子组）、酒店和餐馆（组H）、运输、仓储和通信（组I），以及计算机和相关活动（组K的第72个子组）。
规模分层是根据企业调查中使用的标准化定义来定义的：微型（1至4名员工）、小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）和大型（超过99名员工）。为了分层目的，员工人数是根据报告的永久全职员工人数来定义的。
从加纳统计局获取了一份令人满意的单位列表，用于为每个分层设定目标样本量。在调查期间，主列表根据有关已关闭或超出范围的单位的最新信息进行了更新。所有分层和地点的最终人口规模为22123，绝大多数单位在微型和制造业分层中运营。
在加纳，调查包括从2003年牛津投资气候调查（ICS）中收集的单位面板数据。该调查包括遍布全国的所有四个制造业分层。为了收集尽可能多的面板数据，尝试联系并调查面板中的每个单位，前提是它位于本调查涵盖的四个城市之一，它运营在研究总体中，并且在给定城市中，特定行业中特定规模的面板企业数量不超过相应样本结构的单位数量。其余样本（包括每个城市的其余总体和零售样本）通过计算机程序从主列表中随机选取。
在本调查中，微型单位分层涵盖所有目标经济活动类别中员工人数少于5名的单位。由于从官方来源难以获得微型单位的可靠信息，实施机构（加拿大环境经济委员会）选择了空中抽样方法来估计单位人口并选择本分层中的样本，适用于调查的所有地区。
首先，为了随机选择用于调查的个别微型单位，遵循以下程序：i）选择微型单位高度集中的区和每个区的特定区域；ii）计数这些特定区域中的所有微型单位；iii）根据此计数，创建一个虚拟列表，并从该虚拟列表中随机选择单位；iv）根据在每个特定区域中选定的数量与该区域总人口的比率，创建并应用跳过规则以选择该区域中的单位。
首先，根据国家来源选择区和每个区的特定区域。实施团队随后前往现场核实这些国家来源并计数微型单位。一旦每个区域的计数完成，数字就被发送回蒙特利尔的环境经济委员会总部。
在总部，将区域计数转换为整个调查区域的序列号列表，然后计算机程序从列表中随机选择确定数量的单位。然后，根据计算机在每个特定区域中选择的数量，定义跳过规则以选择该区域中要调查的微型单位。每个区域的跳过规则被发送回环境经济委员会现场团队。
在加纳，调查员被派往每个区域，并被告知如何应用为该区域定义的跳过规则以及如何选择替代者以应对拒绝或其他非参与原因。
数据收集方式
---------------------------
面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
---------------------------
当前调查工具包括以下内容：
- 核心问卷 + 制造业模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- 核心问卷 + 零售模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- 核心问卷 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- 微型单位问卷（适用于员工人数为1至4人的单位）。
“核心问卷”是企业调查的核心，包含询问全球所有企业的调查问题。还有两个其他调查工具——“核心问卷 + 制造业模块”和“核心问卷 + 零售模块”。调查通过三种工具进行，以避免询问与特定类型企业无关的问题，例如，与生产和非生产工人相关的问题不应向零售企业提问。除了跨国家询问的问题外，所有调查都是定制的，并包含国家特定的问题。定制的例子包括在旅游是现有或潜在经济增长部门的国家中询问与旅游相关的问题。
调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资获取、年度销售额、投入/劳动成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正式性、商业与政府关系、创新与技术、登记和绩效指标。问卷还评估了调查受访者对阻碍企业增长和绩效的看法。