Summary of eligible cohort and surveillance studies reporting human acute leptospirosis in Africa, 1930–2014.

Footnotes*Figures reported here are based on the number of reported acute leptospirosis cases that met our review case definitions (see Table 1 for case definitions) and therefore may vary from the values reported in the original citations.** All cases met probable case definitions. An unspecified proportion of positive cases also met the case definition for confirmed cases but exact numbers could not be determined from the available data.a Patients who refused hospital admission were not investigated.b Methods describe a change to a case-finding survey partway through the study, but full details not availablec MAT performed in a subset of participants onlyd Clinical diagnosis defined as ≥3 of the following: headache or fever (temperature not defined), evidence of liver inflammation (defined as jaundice, tender liver, and/or abnormal liver function tests), evidence of renal inflammation (haematuria and/or abnormal renal function), or evidence of muscle inflammation (tenderness and/or elevated creatine phosphokinase)e All tested negative for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Brucella spp., and Rickettsia spp.f All tested negative for Hepatitis A, B, and C.g In setting of outbreak of acute febrile illness in a well-defined populationh 187 patients were diagnosed with selected co-infections out of a total cohort of 1510 patients with non-specific febrile illness.ϖ Taken ≥ 9 days of onset of illnessk Also report two imported cases from Comoros and Madagascar respectivelySummary of eligible cohort and surveillance studies reporting human acute leptospirosis in Africa, 1930–2014.