Local and landscape characteristics shape amphibian communities across production landscapes in the Western Ghats

We surveyed 106 unique agroforests (33 areca, 33 coffee, and 40 rubber). Surveys were conducted between June and September, in the monsoon season, when amphibians are most active. Three teams of two trained observers conducted systematic, time-constrained searches between 19:00 and 23:00 hours. The length of the survey varied based on the size of the site from 30 minutes to 300 minutes, with an average survey time of 93 minutes per site. The observers walked at a consistent pace, in a single direction, along foot paths, roads, cultivated areas, and water bodies. Observers recorded all frogs detected using visual and auditory encounter surveys (VES/ AES). Encounter of a species by either method was considered as a detection and mid to high canopy species were only observed through auditory surveys. There were no spatial constraints set on auditory detections. We attempted to identify every individual encountered to the species-level based on external morphology and acoustic characteristics. This data consists of 26 species which were reliably identified in the field.