Cost estimation.

1Costs for dental diagnostics (items 01, 8, Ä925) not included.2Two-surface restoration assumed.3Treatment of three root canals per tooth assumed.For each course of treatment, costs were calculated by quantification of item-fees from public or private item-catalogues (for details see Supporting Information). Within the base-case scenario, non-invasive treatment accrued costs of 1/12 item-fee for fluoridation, since we assumed that all posterior interdental areas would be fluoridated. Within the high-costs scenario, non-invasive treatment generated full costs for topical fluoridation, and a higher fee-multiplicator (×3.5) was used for factorable items of the initial therapy to reflect cost-variability. Future costs were discounted with 3% per annum.