TopoFlow

TopoFlow is a powerful, spatially-distributed hydrologic model with a user-friendly point-and-click interface. Its main purpose is to model many different physical processes in a watershed with the goal of accurately predicting how various hydrologic variables will evolve in time in response to climatic forcings.
Modeled processes include:
Channelized flow (kinematic, diffusive or dynamic wave, all 1D and D8-based)
Overland flow
Snowmelt (degree-day or energy balance)
Icemelt (from valley glaciers using GC2D)
Meteorology (including precipitation, air temperature, shortwave and longwave radiation, etc.)
Evaporation (Priestley-Taylor or energy balance)
Infiltration (Green-Ampt, Smith-Parlange or Richards' 1D, multi-layer), *Shallow subsurface flow (Darcy, up to 6 layers)
Flow diversions (sinks, sources or canals)

Each process can have its own timestep. Typical timesteps are:
Channel flow (seconds)
Infiltration (seconds to minutes)
Snowmelt (hours to days)
Subsurface flow (hours to days), etc.
Model can be run for a full year or longer, if necessary.

Overland flow is currently modeled in a nonstandard way. Diffusive wave and dynamic wave routing routines need more testing. The linkage between the unsaturated zone (infiltration component) and saturated zone (subsurface flow component and water table) is not robust.

Available test datat sets:
Treynor watershed, in the Nishnabotna River basin, Iowa, USA. (Two large rainfall events.)
Small basin in Kentucky.
Inclined plane for testing.
Arctic watershed data from Larry Hinzman (UAF).
See /data/progs/topoflow/3.0/data on CSDMS cluster.

TopoFlow是一款功能强大的空间分布式水文模型，其用户界面操作便捷，仅需点选即可。该模型旨在模拟流域内多种不同的物理过程，旨在精确预测在气候强迫作用下，各种水文变量随时间演变的情况。模拟过程包括：

- 河道流（运动学、扩散波或动态波，均为一维和基于D8的模型）
- 地面径流
- 雪融（度日法或能量平衡法）
- 冰融（利用GC2D从山谷冰川中提取）
- 气象学（包括降水、空气温度、短波和长波辐射等）
- 蒸发（Priestley-Taylor或能量平衡法）
- 渗透（Green-Ampt、Smith-Parlange或Richards' 1D、多层）
- 浅层地下水流（达西定律，最多6层）
- 流量改道（汇、源或运河）

每个过程均可拥有其独立的时间步长。典型的时间步长包括：
- 河道流（秒）
- 渗透（秒至分钟）
- 雪融（小时至天数）
- 地下水流（小时至天数）等。
模型可运行整整一年或更长时间，如需。

目前，地面径流的模拟方式非标准化。扩散波和动态波路由程序需要更多测试。不饱和区（渗透部分）与饱和区（地下水流部分和水位）之间的联系不够稳固。

可用的测试数据集包括：
- 特雷诺流域，位于美国艾奥瓦州尼什纳博顿纳河流域。（两次大型降雨事件。）
- 肯塔基州的小流域。
- 测试斜面。
- 拉里·欣茨曼（UAF）提供的北极流域数据。
请参阅CSDMS集群上的/data/progs/topoflow/3.0/data。