Enterprise Survey 2009 - Lao PDR

Abstract
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This research is an Indicator Survey conducted in Lao PDR from May 15 to June 24, 2009, as part of the Enterprise Survey initiative. An Indicator Survey, which is similar to an Enterprise Survey, is implemented for smaller economies where the sampling strategies inherent in an Enterprise Survey are often not applicable due to the limited universe of firms.

The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

Questionnaire topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, land and permits, taxation, business-government relations, and performance measures.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
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The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities-sectors.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample for Lao PDR was selected using stratified random sampling. Three levels of stratification were used in this country: industry, establishment size, and oblast (region).

Industry stratification was designed in the way that follows: the universe was stratified into 23 manufacturing industries, 2 services industries -retail and IT-, and one residual sector.

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition for the rollout: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers. This seems to be an appropriate definition of the labor force since seasonal/casual/part-time employment is not a common practice, except in the sectors of construction and agriculture.

Regional stratification was defined in four regions: Vientiane Capital, Champasack, Luang Prabang, and Savannakhet.

One frame was used for Lao PDR. The sample frame used in Lao PDR was obtained from the Preliminary Survey in the Business Sector' (2008), maintained by the National Statistic Centre, Department of Statistics under the Ministry of Planning and Investment, Government of Lao PDR. The modified and translated sample frame was used to select the sample of establishments for the full survey. This database contained the following information:
- Name of the firm
- Contact details
- ISIC code
- Number of employees.

Given the impact that non-eligible units included in the sample universe may have on the results, adjustments may be needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of sampled establishments contacted for the survey was 10% (40 out of 402 establishments). Breaking down by industry, the following numbers of establishments were surveyed: Manufacturing - 125, Retail & IT - 118, Other services - 117.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The current survey instruments are available:
- Services Questionnaire
- Manufacturing Questionnaire
- Screener Questionnaire

The Services Questionnaire is administered to the establishments in the services sector. The Manufacturing Questionnaire is built upon the Services Questionnaire and adds specific questions relevant to manufacturing.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate
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Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, weights, response rates, and implementation can be found in "Description of Lao PDR Implementation 2009" in "Technical Documents" folder.

摘要
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本研究系2009年5月15日至6月24日在老挝人民民主共和国（Lao PDR）进行的指标调查，作为企业调查倡议的一部分。指标调查与企业调查类似，在小型经济体中实施，由于企业总体有限，企业调查固有的抽样策略往往不适用。
调查的目的是收集企业对私营部门的反馈，并有助于构建企业数据面板，从而能够跟踪商业环境随时间的演变，例如，对改革影响的评估。通过访谈制造业和服务业的企业，调查评估了私营部门增长的制约因素，并创建了具有统计学意义的、可以跨国家进行比较的商业环境指标。
问卷主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、土地和许可证、税收、商业-政府关系以及绩效指标。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单位
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本研究的主要抽样单位为实体。实体是指开展业务、进行工业操作或提供服务的地方。一个企业可能由一个或多个实体组成。例如，啤酒厂可能有几个灌装厂和几个分销实体。在本调查中，实体必须能够独立做出财务决策，并拥有与公司财务报表分开的财务报表。实体还必须拥有自己的管理和对工资单的控制。
总体
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企业调查涵盖的总体，即整个人口，是非农业经济。它包括：根据ISIC修订版3.1分组分类的所有制造业部门（组D）、建筑业部门（组F）、服务业部门（组G和H）以及运输、仓储和通信部门（组I）。请注意，此人口定义不包括以下部门：金融中介（组J）、房地产业和租赁活动（组K，除子部门72，IT外，该子部门已纳入研究总体），以及所有公共或公用事业部门。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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老挝人民民主共和国的样本是通过分层随机抽样选择的。在该国使用了三个分层级别：行业、实体规模和地区。
行业分层设计如下：总体被分为23个制造业行业、2个服务业行业——零售和IT——以及一个剩余部门。
规模分层按照以下标准定义：小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）和大型（超过99名员工）。为了分层的目的，员工的数量基于报告的永久全职员工数量。这似乎是对劳动力的适当定义，因为季节性/临时/兼职就业不是一种常见的做法，除了建筑和农业部门。
地区分层定义为四个地区：万象首都、占巴塞、琅勃拉邦和萨万纳克特。
老挝人民民主共和国使用了一个框架。在老挝人民民主共和国使用的样本框架是从国家统计中心、统计局（隶属于计划与投资部）维护的‘商业部门初步调查’（2008年）中获得的。修改并翻译后的样本框架用于选择全面调查的实体样本。此数据库包含以下信息：
- 公司名称
- 联系方式
- ISIC代码
- 员工数量。
鉴于样本总体中包含的非合格单位可能对结果产生的影响，在计算个别观察的适当权重时可能需要进行调整。非合格单位确认的百分比占调查中接触到的总样本实体的10%（40个实体中的402个）。按行业细分，调查的实体数量如下：制造业 - 125，零售 & IT - 118，其他服务业 - 117。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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当前调查工具包括以下内容：
- 服务业问卷
- 制造业问卷
- 筛选问卷
服务业问卷适用于服务业的实体。制造业问卷基于服务业问卷，并增加了与制造业相关的问题。
标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可证、税收、非正式性、商业-政府关系、创新和技术以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确定了该国商业环境的特征。剩余的问题评估了调查受访者对阻碍企业增长和绩效的障碍的看法。
数据清理操作
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承包商执行数据输入和质量控制，并将数据分批（通常为10%、50%和100%）交付世界银行。这些数据交付被检查逻辑一致性、超出范围值、跳过模式和重复条目。问题由世界银行标记并由实施承包商通过数据检查、回访和重访实体进行纠正。
响应率
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有关抽样方法、样本框架、权重、响应率和实施的完整信息可在‘技术文件’文件夹中的‘老挝人民民主共和国实施2009’中找到。