Identification through a transcriptomic approach of candidate genes involved in the adaptation of the cyst nematode Globodera pallida to the potato resistance factor GpaVvrn

Since the banning of chemical products used to control plant-parasitic nematode populations, the use of resistant plants is the most effective management approach against the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. However, it has been observed that some populations, coming from experimental evolution or directly from the field, are able to overcome these resistances. In order to understand the mechanisms by which G. pallida adapts to the plant resistant factor GpaVvrn, and to elucidate the functions of genes potentially involved in the adaptation a transcriptomic approach was used. Differential gene expression analysis between virulent and avirulent lineages coming from experimental evolution revealed candidate genes of interest. GO enrichment analyses showed that virulent lineages over-expressed genes involved in cell wall destruction and stress response compared to avirulent lineages. In virulent lineages, genes over-expressed later in the parasitism stages and potentially involved in adaptation were also identified. These genes encode effectors of the VAP and SPRYSEC families contributing to the suppression of plant immunity. These results will have a major impact on our understanding of the mechanisms by which nematodes adapt to resistant plants, and will enable us to identify effective and sustainable management strategies.