1. Ant foraging on foliage can substantially affect how phytophagous insects use host plants and represents a high predation risk for caterpillars, which are important folivores. Ant–plant–herbivore i
BS, Bare soil, number of points with no species; S, species richness (Shrub species/Grass species); S/point, mean number of species at each point; Ev, evenness (Shannon diversity/log(S)); A/point, mea
