Results of full gene flow model (all parameters allowed to vary independently) illustrating polarity and rates of evolutionary dispersal calculated from 11 microsatellite loci.

Effective number of migrants per generation (Nem) and 95% confidence intervals are listed for each population pair in parentheses, where the columns are the population of origin and the rows are the population destination. Comparisons in bold text indicate the dominant direction of asymmetrical gene flow between population pairs with non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals. For example, the full model estimated asymmetrical gene flow between the SJI and NPAC, with significantly more gene flow from SJI into NPAC (Nem = 3.0 [CI = 2.2–4.0]) than from NPAC into SJI (Nem = 1.2 [CI = 0.8–1.6]). Values in gray cells represent comparisons with overlapping 95% confidence intervals. Total immigration for each population is shown in the right-most column, and emigration in the bottom row. Total immigration and emigration rates were calculated by totaling mean gene flow values to and from each individual population. Interior Alaska = YUK, POR and TAN, pooled; Aleutians = ANDR, RAT, NEAR and COMM, pooled; Arctic Canada = HB and MCV, pooled; Arctic Alaska = COL.