Long-term in vitro modulation of drug release and wireless actuation using a miniaturized PCB

Figure 5. Long-term in vitro modulation of drug release and wireless actuation using a miniaturized PCB. (A) Electrically controlled release profile of Vitamin B12 over more than 15 days using benchtop instrumentation to apply the actuation potential, demonstrating long-term modulation capability, (n=1). (B) Proof-of-concept demonstration of the electrochemical pump driven by a custom-designed, miniaturized printed circuit board (PCB), highlighting the potential for integration into an implantable systems.