Supplementary Material for: Light exposure on alertness after wake-up in healthy men: Comparing dim, bright, red and blue light

Introduction. Light is a key factor in moderating human alertness, both subjective and objective. However, the methodology applies in research on the effects of exposure to light of different wavelengths and intensities on objective and subjective alertness varies greatly and evidence on objective alertness in particular is still inconclusive. Thus, the present, highly-standardized within-subject laboratory study on N = 44 healthy males study explored how LED light of different intensities (dim versus bright light) and wavelengths (red versus blue) affected objective (reaction time/RT) as well as subjective (sleepiness) alertness in the morning after wake-up.
Methods. Participants spent two separate nights in the laboratory and were exposed to either one of the two light intensities or colors for 60 minutes after wake-up. Additionally, they indicated their sleepiness on the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and participated in an auditory RT task before and after light intervention. It was hypothesized that both bright and blue light would lead to greater subjective and objective alertness when compared to dim and red light, respectively.
Results. Results indicated that average RTs were longer for participants in the bright light condition (p = .004) and that RTs decreased post-light exposure irrespective of light being dim or bright (p = .026). However, dim vs. bright light and RT did not interact (p = .758). Chronotype was a significant covariate in the interaction of dim vs. bright light and subjective sleepiness (p = .008). There was no difference in RTs when comparing exposure to red or blue light (p = .488). Findings on subjective sleepiness and light of different wavelengths revealed that sleepiness was reduced after light exposure (p = .007), although the wavelength of light did not appear to play a role in this effect (p = .817).
Conclusion. Hence, neither of the hypotheses could be confirmed. However, they indicated that evening types might benefit from exposure to bright light regarding sleepiness, but not morning types.