Graphical abstract

This shows the effect of post-emergence herbicide application in a maize (Zea mays L.) field. A field operator, equipped with protective gear and a backpack sprayer, applies a selective herbicide directly onto emerged weeds. The herbicide visibly targets and kills broadleaf and grassy weeds in the inter-row and intra-row spaces without harming the maize plants, further emphasizes the importance of environmental conditions that is sunlight and rainfall which influence herbicide efficacy and uptake. The result is effective weed suppression, as indicated by discolored and wilted weeds, promoting healthy maize growth and reduced crop competition