Characteristics of included studies about CD cases diagnosed by biopsy and a GFD.

+ positive; -negative
Abbreviations: NA, Not available in the content of the study; CD, celiac disease; RCD, refractory celiac disease; GFD, gluten-free diet;
IgA AGA: IgA anti-gliadin antibodies; IgG AGA: IgG anti-gliadin antibodies; IgA EMA: IgA anti-endomysial antibodies; IgG EMA: IgG anti-endomysial antibodies; IgA ARA: IgA anti-reticulin antibodies; IgG ARA: IgG anti-reticulin antibodies; IgA tTGs: IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase; IgG tTGs: IgG anti-tissue transglutaminase.
Three out of four original papers were on screening CD in at-risk groups in China, chronic diarrhea patients [22], [24], diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [25]. In the table, we only show the characteristics of suspected CD patients in these at-risk groups. Another original paper [19] was about CD in Asian-Canadian adults, one out of 14 adult CD cases was born in Northern China in 1924 and then emigrated from China to Canada in 1973. Sun F [26] reported two CD cases, but one case was of European descent.