A dataset of 150-year GFDL CM2p1 simulation

The geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory climate model version 2p1 (GFDL CM2p1) is used in this study, which is a fully coupled model integrating four key components: ocean, atmosphere, sea ice, and land. The ocean component is based on the Modular Ocean Model version 4 (MOM4p1; Griffies, 2009), which replaced the earlier MOM4.0 used in the CM2.1 version. This component is a numerical representation of the ocean’s hydrostatic primitive equations, with a horizontal resolution of 1°×1° and a refined meridional resolution of 1/3° in the equatorial region. Vertically, the ocean is divided into 50 layers, with a 10-meter resolution in the upper 225 meters. The atmospheric component, the GFDL Atmospheric Model (AM2p12b; GFDL Global Atmospheric Model Development Team, 2004), features a horizontal resolution of 2° (latitude) × 2.5° (longitude) and 24 vertical layers. The MOM4p1 ocean module and the AM2p12b atmospheric module are coupled with the Land Dynamics model version 2.1 (LM2.1; Milly and Shmakin, 2002) and the Sea Ice Simulator (SIS; Delworth et al., 2006) via the GFDL Flexible Modeling System (FMS; http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/fms). Fluxes between these components are exchanged every two hours. Additional details about the model can be found in the works of Delworth et al. (2006), Stouffer et al. (2006), and Wittenberg et al. (2006).Using the external forcings (aerosols, land cover, ozone, solar radiation, and radiative gases, etc.) in 1990, we conducted a 150-year integration of the GFDL CM2p1 model. The initial conditions for the ocean, atmosphere, land, and sea ice were consistent with those established by Delworth et al. (2006).