Effects of defoliation (0, 10%, 25%, 50%, or 75% of leaf area removed; fixed effect), block (random effect), rosette size, and proportion of leaf area removed by herbivores before the defoliation treatment on the number of seeds and mean seed mass of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> in the first experiment analyzed with mixed-model ANOVA.

The response variables were log-transformed prior to analysis. F is given for all independent variables except block, for which χ2 is given. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001.