Parameter estimates and standard errors (SE) from the random effect models for the three cognitive domains.

Note: The table lists restricted maximum likelihood estimates (REML). Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Bilingual were dummy-coded such that bilinguals was compared with monolinguals (bilingual = 1, monolingual = 0). Gf = General fluid ability. All predictors are centered around the variable mean, such that that primary coefficients, Bilingual, and Bilingual in interaction with Age and Age squared are compared for a reference person i.e. Age = 50 years old, Gender = Male, Education = 13 years and Gf = 31. The interpretation of the fixed effects shown is equivalent to that of parameter estimates in ordinary least squares regression. The models also included random effects for intercept, linear rate of change (Slope), and residual.*p**p