Changes in households reporting any OOP and OOP as a share (%) of total household expenditure.

Notes: 1. *** significant at 1%, ** significant at 5% and * significant at 10%; 2. Standard errors in brackets; 3. Columns under (1) represent results based on equation (1) for the three socio-economic groups separately and columns under (2) represent results from equation (2) i.e. by considering all the three socio-economic groups together and other control variables; 4. The control variables used in specification (2) include household size, proportion of persons with different educational achievements, main source of livelihood of household, the ratio of males to females in the household, the proportion of children in the household, the proportion of elderly in the household, the proportion of married members in the household, and rural/urban location.