Relationship between tubal cilia and diseases associated with female infertility

The movement function of the fallopian tube cilia (FTC) is closely related to factors such as the protein structure, movement direction, oscillation frequency, and amplitude of the cilia. These four factors are easily affected by abnormal gene expression, high hormone environment, and inflammatory factor stimulation in female infertility related diseases, leading to FTC movement disorders and increased risk of female infertility. Patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) have congenital abnormalities in ciliary gene protein expression, leading to primary loss of FTC motor protein arms, motor structure defects, and polarity disruption. In the high testosterone environment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the expression of major growth regulators in the cilia of the fallopian tubes is inhibited, resulting in a decrease in the number and length of cilia; Various common pathogens in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can stimulate and cause hydrosalpinx, adhesions, and scar changes, leading to the massive shedding of ciliated cells. In addition, the expression of peritoneal fluid and Wnt/β - catenin signaling in patients with endometriosis (EMT) significantly reduces CBF.