Types of nesting habitat used by seabirds and rankings of species’ sensitivity to storm-wave overwash at Midway Atoll.

Seabird behavior and nesting habitat by land cover class identified from satellite imagery at Midway Atoll (2011). Species’ sensitivity to population-level effects of storm-wave overwash were ranked from least (1) to most (3) sensitive. Nesting philopatry (natal and nest site fidelity) of species were ranked relatively as low (1), moderate (2), or high (3) and nesting frequency as annual–semi-annual (1), annual (2), annual–alternate (3; see [28] for additional details). Land cover classes beach, wetland, and infrastructure are not used as seabird nesting habitat at Midway Atoll (see [23]). Species in bold lay at most a single egg per year. Species with populations less than 100 nesting pairs at Midway Atoll were excluded.