Transcriptomic Analysis Unveils the Toxicity Mechanisms of Metal Ions in Sugarcane Molasses towards Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Excessive metal ions in sugarcane molasses constitute a critical constraint on ethanol fermentation efficiency. This study systematically investigated the toxic mechanisms of metal ions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae GJ2008 through exogenous ion supplementation integrated with physicochemical characterization and multi-omics analyses.