Electrically-Transduced Chemical Sensors Based on Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

Electrically–transduced
sensors, with their simplicity and
compatibility with standard electronic technologies, produce signals
that can be efficiently acquired, processed, stored, and analyzed.
Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, including graphene, phosphorene
(BP), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and others, have proven
to be attractive for the fabrication of high–performance electrically-transduced
chemical sensors due to their remarkable electronic and physical properties
originating from their 2D structure. This review highlights the advances
in electrically-transduced chemical sensing that rely on 2D materials.
The structural components of such sensors are described, and the underlying
operating principles for different types of architectures are discussed.
The structural features, electronic properties, and surface chemistry
of 2D nanostructures that dictate their sensing performance are reviewed.
Key advances in the application of 2D materials, from both a historical
and analytical perspective, are summarized for four different groups
of analytes: gases, volatile compounds, ions, and biomolecules. The
sensing performance is discussed in the context of the molecular design,
structure–property relationships, and device fabrication technology.
The outlook of challenges and opportunities for 2D nanomaterials for
the future development of electrically-transduced sensors is also
presented.