2020-21 Social Accounting Matrix for Pakistan

The Pakistan Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) 2020-21 provides a comprehensive, economy-wide dataset linking production, factor incomes, institutions, and external accounts at the national level, with an integrated hydrological component. Developed by IFPRI and IWMI, the dataset extends the standard SAM framework to capture interlinkages between water, agriculture, and the broader economy, supporting policy analysis and modeling of water-food-economy interactions. The 2020-21 Pakistan SAM is developed based on existing SAM frameworks to update the Pakistan national SAM from 2013–14, tying often to the structure of Nexus SAMs developed by IFPRI under its NEXUS Program (see https://www.ifpri.org/project/nexus-project/). It incorporates revised estimates across production, factor, and institutional accounts to better represent Pakistan’s water use, agricultural systems, and economic flows. The hydrology data is updated using data compiled from sources which include the recent tube-well census in Punjab, surface water flow data, meteorological data, water storage levels and capacity, water efficiency and climate data. The hydrology data is mainly used to update IFPRI’s Computable General Equilibrium- Water (CGE-W) model. The SAM is structured to include: 1. Activities and commodities disaggregated by major sectors (agriculture, industry, services) 2. Factors of production, including labor (by skill and sector), land, and capital 3. Institutions, including rural and urban households, enterprises, and government 4. Accounts for taxes, savings-investment, and rest of the world, allowing macroeconomic closure and inter-institutional flow analysis