Salvia miltiorrhiza-derived Nanovesicles Reshape Gut Microbial Ecology to Attenuate Atherosclerosis: A Synergy of Nano-Phytotherapy and Microbial Metabolomics

SDNVs represent a multi-target therapeutic strategy that (1) remodels gut microbiota composition, (2) disrupts the TMA-TMAO axis via miRNA-mediated CutC silencing, and (3) mitigates vascular inflammation. Their scalable production, gastrointestinal specificity, and dual modulation of microbial-host interactions position SDNVs as a promising candidate for clinical translation in microbiota-driven cardiovascular diseases.