Brazilian Permian dvinosaurs (Amphibia, Temnospondyli): revised description and phylogeny

Recently collected temnospondyl fossils from the Cisuralian Pedra de Fogo Formation (north-eastern Brazil) indicate a diverse assemblage of aquatic tetrapods, including the dvinosaurs <i>Timonya anneae</i> and <i>Procuhy nazariensis</i>. Here we present revised diagnoses for these species and detailed descriptions of their holotypes. <i>Timonya anneae</i> is distinguished from all other dvinosaurs by several cranial characters including: combined width of both parietals less than interorbital width; presence of a groove-like internal carotid artery foramen; and presence of an ossified opisthotic. In the mandible, <i>T. anneae</i> presents two parasymphyseal fossae on each side of the mandibular symphysis to accommodate palatal fangs and a well-developed postglenoid area. <i>Procuhy nazariensis</i>, mostly preserved as a mold of the skull table and mandible, is diagnosed by the presence of the anteriormost extension of the squamosal posterior to parietal midlength; pineal foramen posterior to the midlength of the parietal; supratemporal exposed on the posterior border of the skull table; and presence of postglenoid process of the surangular separated from the retroarticular process of the articular by the mandibular sulcus. A new inclusive phylogeny of Temnospondyli indicates that Dvinosauria consists of the Trimerorhachidae (including <i>Procuhy</i> as the sister-taxon of <i>Trimerorhachis</i>) and the ‘short-snouted’ dvinosaurs, with <i>Timonya</i> as an early-diverging representative of the latter clade. The Pedra de Fogo dvinosaurs show close relationships with Cisuralian taxa from the North American southwest, reinforcing close paleogeographic connections between these regions in the late Paleozoic, but represent endemic taxa, corroborating the pattern suggested by the plant fossil record.