Multiphysics modelling of multi-stage effects of reinforcing particles on nucleation, growth and coarsening of β grains in Ti65 alloy during laser-directed energy deposition

The grain evolution model for TMC1 in LDED is established by incorporating the thermo-fluid flow model for powder melting and solidification process. This model considers the multi-stage effects of reinforcement particles, including effect of boron (B) on β grain nucleation and growth in the solid-liquid coexistence region and pinning effect of TiB whiskers (TiBw) on β grain coarsening in the solid phase region.