Experiences with a higher tier test design simulating environmental fate and effect of medical products after the use phase

Investigate a realistic exposure scenario for nanopharmaceuticals excreted into effluent, and released into the environment after treatment in WWTPs. The test approach was illustrated by using the testing of gold (Au) NPs. effluent from model WWTPs and activated sludge mixed with soil were investigated in aquatic (Daphnia magna, fish cell lines) and terrestrial test organisms in addition to the testing of the pristine NPs for comparison.