Water and Carbon Use Efficiency and Bioclimatic Zone Distribution in Cross-Border Watersheds of Northeast Asia

The transboundary watersheds of Northeast Asia form a connecting unit for ecological and economic activities among China, Russia, North Korea, and Mongolia. In recent years, issues such as water scarcity and fluctuating carbon sink capacity have become increasingly prominent in these basins. This study combines MODIS remote sensing datasets with environmental data to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of water and carbon use efficiency in 2020. The Structure K-means clustering algorithm was employed to delineate bioclimatic zones. The coordinate system for this study's data is WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_52N, with a spatial resolution of 1 km.