GLI:SUFU translocates to the ciliary tip in response to Hh signaling
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Activation of the Hh pathway causes the GLI:SUFU complex to concentrate in the primary cilium (Humke et al, 2010; Tukachinsky et al, 2010; Kim et al, 2009). The net movement of the GLI:SUFU complex into the cilium occurs downstream of SMO phosphorylation and activation, and requires the Cos2 homologue KIF7, but how the signal is transmitted from the SMO:EVC complex is not clear (Chen et al, 2009; Chen et al, 2010; Pusapati et al, 2013; Endoh-Yamagami et al, 2009; Liem et al, 2009; Cheung et al, 2009). SUFU appears to be a major regulator of the ratio of full length:repressor forms of GLI proteins in vertebrate cells, and the GLI:SUFU interaction is required for the production of GLIR. Dissociation of the GLI:SUFU complex after ligand stimulation diverts GLI from the degradation pathway and allows the full-length form to be activated (Humke et al, 2010; Tukachinsky et al, 2010; Pan et al, 2006; Kim et al, 209; Wen et al, 2010; Chen et al, 2009; reviewed in Briscoe and Therond, 2013). This represents another major point of divergence between the fly and the vertebrate Hh pathways. In Drosophila, absence of SUFU has no effect on Hh signaling, and the scaffolding protein Cos2 may play the key inhibitory role (Varjosalo et al, 2006; reviewed in Briscoe and Therond, 2013).
Hh通路的激活导致GLI:SUFU复合物在初级纤毛中聚集(Humke等,2010年;Tukachinsky等,2010年;Kim等,2009年)。GLI:SUFU复合物净流入纤毛的过程发生在SMO磷酸化和激活之后,并需要Cos2同源物KIF7的参与,然而SMO:EVC复合物如何传递信号尚不明确(Chen等,2009年;Chen等,2010年;Pusapati等,2013年;Endoh-Yamagami等,2009年;Liem等,2009年;Cheung等,2009年)。SUFU似乎在脊椎细胞中是GLI蛋白全长型与抑制型比例的主要调节因子,而GLI:SUFU的相互作用对于GLIR的产生是必需的。在配体刺激后,GLI:SUFU复合物的解离将GLI从降解途径中分离出来,从而允许全长型的激活(Humke等,2010年;Tukachinsky等,2010年;Pan等,2006年;Kim等,2009年;Wen等,2010年;Chen等,2009年;参见Briscoe和Therond,2013年的综述)。这代表了果蝇和脊椎动物Hh通路之间另一个主要的分歧点。在果蝇中,SUFU的缺失对Hh信号没有影响,支架蛋白Cos2可能发挥着关键的抑制作用(Varjosalo等,2006年;参见Briscoe和Therond,2013年的综述)。
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