Processing time and memory requirement of genome-to-genome alignment for the HELIOS optical architecture, compared to Nucmer4, Mauve, LASTZ default, LASTZ match, OptCAM, HAWPOD, and Moiré Techniques.

For these comparison scenarios, all reported timings for Nucmer4, Mauve, LASTZ default, and LASTZ match are measured on a dual-CPU, 32-core AMD Opteron 6276 computer with 256 GB of DDR3 PC3–12800 RAM, using 32 parallel threads. On the other hand, for the analytical estimation of the processing times of the HELIOS optical architecture, OptCAM, HAWPOD, and Moiré Technique, a typical graphene-based modulator is considered with an aperture size of 1024 × 1024 pixels and a 100 MHz switching rate. Moreover, the processing times of the HELIOS optical architecture are reported for more recently developed modulators with various aperture sizes, such as 1920 × 1080 and 4096 × 4096 pixels, as well as various switching rates, including 35 GHz [72] and 4.5 THz [67]. It should be noted that the processing times reported for Nucmer4, Mauve, LASTZ default, and LASTZ match include Wall time and CPU time, while the HELIOS method is implemented within its optical architecture, and hence, the corresponding wall time is assumed zero.