Biotic interactions promote local adaptation to soil in plants

Here we used eight generations of experimental evolution with outcrossing Brassica rapa plants as a model system, in eight treatment groups that varied in soil type, herbivory (with/without aphids), and pollination mode (hand- or bumblebee-pollination), to study how biotic interactions affect local adaptation to soil. . Whole genome re-sequencing of experimental lines revealed that biotic interactions caused a 10-fold increase in the number of SNPs across the genome with significant allele frequency change, and that alleles with opposite allele frequency change in different soil types (antagonistic pleiotropy) were most common in plants with an evolutionary history of herbivory and bee pollination.DNA extraction, resequencing and initial quality control was done by BGI (Shenzhen, China), after which 20Tb of trimmed, clean raw reads for further processing were delivered. Fastqc/multiqc was applied for individual quality control of fasta files.