Analysis of 456 geographically diverse high coverage sequences of Y chromosome, including 299 newly reported samples suggest recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity which coincides with a global change in culture. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity

IMPORTANT: SINCE CURRENTLY ENA IS UNABLE TO MAKE AVAILABLE PARTIAL (here Y chromosomes) GENOMES SEQUENCED BY COMPLETE GENOMICS TECHNOLOGY, PLEASE REFER TO www.ebc.ee/free_data. It is commonly thought that human genetic diversity in non-African populations was shaped primarily by an out-of-Africa dispersal 50-100 kya. Here, we present a study of 456 geographically diverse high coverage Y chromosome sequences, including 299 newly reported samples. Applying ancient DNA calibration we date the Y-chromosomal Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) in Africa at 254 (95% CI 192-307) kya and detect a cluster of major non-African founder haplogroups in a narrow time interval at 47-52 kya, consistent with a rapid initial colonization model of Eurasia and Oceania after the out-of-Africa bottleneck. In contrast to demographic reconstructions based on mtDNA, we infer a second strong bottleneck in Y-chromosome lineages dating to the last 10 ky. We hypothesize that this bottleneck is caused by cultural changes affecting variance of reproductive success among males.