Wulingshen, the massive <i>Xylaria</i> sclerotia used as traditional Chinese medicine, is produced by multiple species
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Wulingshen, massive <i>Xylaria</i> sclerotia, was originally reported from Chengdu Plain in western Sichuan of China for medicinal application. <i>Xylaria nigripes</i> is commonly connected to these massive sclerotia produced within abandoned underground macrotermitine termite nests. We sequenced 54 Wulingshen samples procured from traditional Chinese medicine markets in Chengdu Plain and connected them to six different <i>Xylaria</i> species: <i>X. nigripes, X. subescharoidea</i>, two species newly described herein—<i>X. neonigripes</i> and <i>X. rogersionigripes</i>, and two species that are known only as sclerotia thus far. Only teleomorphs of <i>X. subescharoidea</i> and <i>X. rogersionigripes</i> have been collected in Chengdu Plain thus far. In Taiwan, teleomorphs of four of the six species, except for the two only known in sclerotial form, have been collected, and their cultures were obtained; we thus designate the holotypes of <i>X. neonigripes</i> and <i>X. rogersionigripes</i> on the basis of Taiwan specimens. During the collecting activities carried out in Chengdu Plain, a <i>Xylaria</i> species, which is newly described as <i>X. mianyangensis</i> herein, was also collected from termite nests but lacks a known connection to Wulingshen.
乌灵参（Wulingshen）为大型炭角菌属（Xylaria）菌核，最初于中国四川西部成都平原被报道并作为药用资源。与这些形成于废弃地下大白蚁亚科（Macrotermitinae）蚁巢内的大型菌核常关联的物种为黑柄炭角菌（Xylaria nigripes）。本研究对从成都平原中药材市场采集的54份乌灵参样本进行测序，将其关联至6种不同的炭角菌属物种：黑柄炭角菌（X. nigripes）、亚炭角菌（X. subescharoidea）、本文新描述的两个物种——新黑柄炭角菌（X. neonigripes）和罗氏黑柄炭角菌（X. rogersionigripes），以及迄今仅知其菌核形态的两个物种。截至目前，在成都平原仅采集到亚炭角菌（X. subescharoidea）和罗氏黑柄炭角菌（X. rogersionigripes）的有性型（teleomorph）。在台湾地区，6个物种中的4个（即除仅以菌核形态被知晓的两个物种外）已采集到其有性型，并获得了培养物；因此本研究基于台湾标本指定了新黑柄炭角菌（X. neonigripes）和罗氏黑柄炭角菌（X. rogersionigripes）的主模式标本（holotype）。在成都平原的采集活动中，还从蚁巢中采集到一个炭角菌属新物种，本文将其命名为绵阳炭角菌（X. mianyangensis），但该物种目前未发现与乌灵参存在关联。
