Identifying key environmental factors driving variations in predation risks of invasive <i>Bactrocera Dorsalis</i> on a tropical island

In tropical regions, insects often face an elevated risk of predation due to warm temperatures and ecological interactions. However, the specific factors that impact the predation risk faced by resident prey on large tropical islands are still unknown. Furthermore, tropical islands are highly susceptible to invasive species, yet limited knowledge exists about the predator diversity and predation risks these invasives encounter, which are crucial for assessing their successful invasion possibility. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a study across 16 locations on Hainan Island, a tropical island in the South China Sea, to examine how environmental factors specific to tropical islands influence predator diversity and the predation risks of <i>Bactrocera dorsalis</i> pupae, an invasive agricultural pest.