Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries for Electric Vehicles: Critical Single Cell Level Assessment of Capacity and Lithium Necessity

In pursuing advanced
clean energy storage technologies,
all-solid-state
Li metal batteries (ASSMBs) emerge as promising alternatives to conventional
organic liquid electrolyte-based batteries due to their reduced flammability
risks, increased energy densities, extended lifespan, and design flexibility.
Here, we estimate lithium requirements per unit of energy, cathode
loading, and the amount of electrolyte required at a single-layer
cell level ASSMB utilizing garnet-type, NASICON-type, and sulfide
solid electrolytes and LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811), LiCoO2, and LiFePO4 cathodes for Li metal anode and in situ anode configurations.
To enable advanced batteries suitable for long-range and fast-charging
electric vehicles, the electrodes (anode and cathode) must achieve
a practical areal capacity of at least 7 mAh cm–2 and support rapid charging rates of 4C (15 min). Furthermore, we
also present the key requirements for mechanical properties and strategic
design considerations in ASSMB architecture to effectively address
the challenges posed by the volume expansion of the electrodes.