Long-Term Antibiotic Treatment Does Not Increase Antibiotic Resistance in the Upper Airway or Gut Microbiome of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

We investigated how chronic antibiotic use influences the accumulation of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). By analyzing respiratory and gastrointestinal microbiomes from a well-characterized CF cohort and integrating detailed three-year antibiotic usage data, we quantified ARG patterns in relation to specific antibiotic routes.