APPENDIX 1 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

APPENDIX 1. — Loads applied to the models for each one of the species under analysis and simulated loading scenarios. Abbreviations: a, forces (N) and angles (Ɵ) relative to the longitudinal axes of the bone; b, muscle forces for the human and chimpanzee reference models, respectively, are separate by a slash; c, force reactions in the proximal and distal joints were scaled to remove size effects when computing stress distributions.
SpecimenSCHRFaFPB HS /FPB PTbAP HS /AP PTbEPB HS /EPB PTbABP HS /ABP PTbJRFc dJRFc mcNƟNƟNƟNƟNƟNƟNƟModern Human1 2 3 43.92 7.65 3.92 7.6590 90 45 4517.95/37.20 13.49/27.95 17.95/37.20 13.49/27.9545 45 45 4538.79/66.43 29.15/49.91 38.79/66.43 29.15/49.9161.2 61.2 61.2 61.24.33/28.75 2.74/18.18 4.33/28.75 2.74/18.1816.7 16.7 16.7 16.75.28/35.94 3.34/22.72 5.28/35.94 3.34/22.72180 180 180 18044.06/89.27 28.26/61.46 45.21/90.33 30.70/63.62180 180 180 18038.81/114.1 28.02/78.76 37.96/113.3 26.36/77.14180 180 180 180Neanderthal1 2 3 43.92 7.65 3.92 7.6590 90 45 4514.47/29.99 10.87/22.54 14.47/29.99 10.87/22.5445 45 45 4531.28/53.56 23.50/40.24 31.28/53.56 23.50/40.2461.2 61.2 61.2 61.23.49/23.18 2.21/14.66 3.49/23.18 2.21/14.6616.7 16.7 16.7 16.74.26/28.98 2.69/18.32 4.26/28.98 2.69/22.72180 180 180 18035.55/72.02 22.79/49.58 36.46/72.85 24.75/51.29180 180 180 18030.75/91.35 22.36/63.11 30.27/90.88 21.41/62.18180 180 180 180Chimpanzee1 2 3 43.92 7.65 3.92 7.6590 90 45 4518.34/38.01 13.78/28.56 18.34/38.01 13.78/28.5645 45 45 4539.64/67.88 29.78/51.00 39.64/67.88 29.78/51.0061.2 61.2 61.2 61.2– – – –– – – –5.39/36.72 3.41/23.22 5.39/36.76 3.41/23.22180 180 180 18043.78/82.63 28.05/57.36 45.11/83.92 30.92/60.02180 180 180 18035.51/90.61 26.15/64.17 35.78/90.89 26.7/64.7180 180 180 180Gorilla1 2 3 43.92 7.65 3.92 7.6590 90 45 4524.78/51.36 18.62/38.59 24.78/51.36 18.62/38.3645 45 45 4553.55/91.71 40.24/68.91 53.55/91.71 40.24/68.9161.2 61.2 61.2 61.25.97/39.69 3.78/25.10 5.97/39.69 3.78/25.1016.7 16.7 16.7 16.77.29/49.61 4.61/31.37 7.29/49.61 4.61/31.37180 180 180 18061.17/125.1 39.33/86.13 64.27/128.2 45.94/92.39180 180 180 18049.14/144.11 35.31/99.38 49.57/144.53 36.15/100.2180 180 180 180Orangutan1 2 3 43.92 7.65 3.92 7.6590 90 45 4519.74/40.91 14.83/30.74 19.74/40.91 14.83/30.7445 45 45 4542.66/73.06 32.06/54.90 42.66/73.06 32.06/54.9061.2 61.2 61.2 61.2– – – –– – – –5.80/39.52 3.67/24.99 5.80/39.52 3.67/24.99180 180 180 18047.62/89.76 30.56/62.34 49.01/91.09 33.44/65.02180 180 180 18047.85/117.2 34.51/82.77 50.55/119.84 39.78/87.92180 180 180 180Gibbon1 2 3 43.92 7.65 3.92 7.6590 90 45 457.08/14.66 5.32/11.02 7.08/14.66 5.32/11.0245 45 45 4515.29/26.1 11.49/19.68 15.29/26.19 11.49/19.6861.2 61.2 61.2 61.2– – – –– – – –2.08/14.17 1.32/8.96 2.08/14.17 1.32/8.96180 180 180 18017.75/32.87 11.25/22.87 17.88/33.25 12.1/23.65180 180 180 18019.08/45.46 13.75/32.18 19.64/46.00 14.84/33.24180 180 180 180