NEONATAL PERIOD PATHOLOGIES IN NEWBORNS: RISK FACTORS, EARLY DETECTION, INTENSIVE MONITORING AND MODERN PREVENTIVE OPPORTUNITIES

Neonatal morbidity remains concentrated in a limited group of interrelated conditions, including prematurity and low birth weight, respiratory distress, perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury, infection, hyperbilirubinemia, metabolic instability and congenital disorders. The present review aimed to systematize contemporary approaches to risk stratification, early recognition, intensive monitoring and prevention of major neonatal pathologies, with special attention to evidence generated in Uzbekistan. A narrative review of 15 sources published mainly in 2022–2026 was performed, including 11 studies from Uzbek institutions and four international clinical guidelines. The synthesis shows that maternal preeclampsia, intrauterine infection, prematurity, growth restriction, birth asphyxia and impaired early adaptation are recurrent risk clusters. Effective neonatal care requires structured assessment immediately after birth, thermoregulation, respiratory and hemodynamic monitoring, glucose and bilirubin surveillance, targeted laboratory and imaging diagnostics, and timely escalation to neonatal intensive care. Prevention is strongest when antenatal risk recognition, regionalized perinatal care, non-invasive respiratory support, early surfactant where indicated, human milk, kangaroo mother care, infection-control measures and standardized follow-up are integrated into one pathway.