Living Standards Measurement Survey 2005 - Albania

Abstract
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Over the past decade, Albania has been seeking to develop the framework for a market economy and more open society. It has faced severe internal and external challenges in the interim – extremely low income levels and a lack of basic infrastructure, the rapid collapse of output and inflation rise after the shift in regime in 1991, the turmoil during the 1997 pyramid crisis, and the social and economic shocks accompanying the 1999 Kosovo crisis. In the face of these challenges, Albania has made notable progress in creating conditions conducive to growth and poverty reduction.

In the process leading to its first Poverty Reduction Strategy (that is the National Strategy for Socioeconomic Development, now renamed the National Strategy for Development and Integration), the Government of Albania reinforced its commitment to strengthening its own capacity to collect and analyze on a regular basis the information it needs to inform policy-making.

Multi-purpose household surveys are one of the main sources of information to determine living conditions and measure the poverty situation of a country. They provide an indispensable tool to assist policy-makers in monitoring and targeting social programs. In its first phase (2001-2006), this monitoring system included the following data collection instruments: (i) Population and Housing Census; (ii) Living Standards Measurement Surveys every 3 years, and (iii) annual panel surveys.

The Population and Housing Census (PHC) conducted in April 2001, provided the country with a much needed updated sampling frame which is one of the building blocks for the household survey structure. The focus during this first phase of the monitoring system is on a periodic LSMS (in 2002 and 2005), followed by panel surveys on a subsample of LSMS households (in 2003, and 2004), drawing heavily on the 2001 census information.

A poverty profile based on 2002 data showed that some 25 percent of the population are poor, with many others vulnerable to poverty due to their incomes being close to the poverty threshold. Income related poverty is compounded by poor access to basic infrastructure (regular supply of electricity, clean water), education and health services, housing, etc.

The 2005 LSMS was in the field between May and early July, with an additional visit to agricultural households in October, 2005. The survey work was undertaken by the Living Standards unit of INSTAT, with the technical assistance of the World Bank.

Geographic coverage
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National coverage.
Domains: Tirana, other urban, rural; Agro-ecological areas (coastal, central, mountain)

Analysis unit
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- Households
- Individuals

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The Republic of Albania is divided geographically into 12 Prefectures (Prefekturat). The latter are divided into Districts (Rrethet) which are, in turn, divided into Cities (Qyteti) and Communes (Komunat). The Communes contain all the rural villages and the very small cities. For census purposes, the cities and the villages have been divided into enumeration areas (EAs).

1. Sampling frame

The Enumeration Areas (EA) that make up the sampling frame come from the April 2001 General Census of Population and Housing. The EAs in the frame are classified by Prefecture, District, City or Commune. The frame also contains, for every EA, the number of Housing Units (HU), the number of occupied HUs, the number of unoccupied HUs, the number of households, and the population. We are using occupied dwellings and not total number of dwellings since many EAs contain a large number of empty dwellings.

A detailed study of the list of census EAs shows that many have zero population. In order to obtain EAs with the minimum of 50 and the maximum of 120 occupied housing units, the EAs with zero population have been taken off the sampling frame. Since the sizes of the EAs varied from 0 to 395 HUs, the smaller EAs (with less than 50 HU) have been collapsed with geographically adjacent ones and the largest EAs (with more than 120 HU) have been split into two or more EAs. Subsequently, maps identifying the boundaries of every split and collapsed EA were prepared. Given that the 2002 LSMS has been conducted less than a year after the April 2001 census, a listing operation to update the sample EAs was not conducted in the field. However, since the level of construction is very high in the city of Tirana and its suburbs, a quick count of the 75 sample EAs selected in Tirana was carried out followed by a listing operation. The check of the listing based on the Census data revealed two types of discrepancies:
- HUs had become invalid, i.e. vacant, nonresidential, demolished, seasonally occupied, etc.
- Instead of one small building (with one or two HU), a new one with 15 HUs was identified.

During of the listing update process, HUs identified as invalid were taken off the frame. In the case of a new building, these new HUs were entered with a new sequential code. The listing sheets prepared during the listing operation in Tirana, become the sampling frame for the final stage of selection of 12 HU which has to be interviewed. The unit of analysis and the unit of observation is the household. The universe under study consists of all the households in the Republic of Albania. We have used the Housing Unit (defined as the space occupied by one household) as the sampling unit, instead of the household, because the HU is more permanent and easier to identify in the field.

2. Sample Size

In the LSMS the sample size is 450 EA and in each EA 8 households were selected. So the total sample size of the LSMS is 3600 households. In addition, since a certain level of nonresponse is expected, 4 reserve units were selected in each sample EA.

3. Stratification

The sampling frame has been divided in three regions (strata)
1. Coastal Area
2. Central Area
3. Mountain Area
and Tirana (urban and other urban) is consider as a separate strata.

The first three strata were divided into major cities (the most important cities in the region), other urban (the rest of cities in the region), and rural. In each more importance was given to the major cities and rural areas. We have selected 10 EA for each major city and 65 EAs (75 EAs for Mountain Area) for each region. In the city of Tirana and its suburbs, implicit stratification was used to improve the efficiency of the sample design.

4. Procedure for the Selection of Housing Units

A fixed number of valid dwelling units (12) was selected systematically and with equal probability from the Listing Form pertaining to Tirana and from the Census forms for the other areas. Once the 12 HUs were selected, 4 of them were chosen at random and kept as reserve units. The selected HUs were numbered within the EA and identified with a circle around the number in the listing form, as well as a circle on the maps. The reserve sample (units 9 to 12) were identified from R1 to R4 during data collection to emphasize the fact that they were reserve units.

Two copies of the sample listing sheets and two copies of maps for each EA were printed. The first copy of the listing sheet and the map were given to the supervisor and included the 12 HU, the second copy was given to the enumerator. The enumerator only received the 8 dwelling units, not the reserve ones. Each time the enumerator needed a reserve HU, he/she had to ask the supervisor and explain the reason why a reserve unit was needed. This process helped determine the reason why reserve units were used and provided more control on their use.

In the field the enumerator registered the occupancy status of every unit:
- occupied as principal residence
- vacant
- under construction (not occupied)
- demolished or abandoned (not occupied)
- seasonally occupied

In the case that one HU was found to be invalid, the enumerator used the first reserve unit (identified with the code R1). In the case that in one EA more than 4 DU selected were invalid, other units from that EA chosen at random by headquarter (in Tirana) were selected as replacement units to keep the enumerator load constant and maintain a uniform sample size in each EA. Before identifying the invalid HUs, the interviewer had to note the interview status of each visit for all the units for which an interview was attempted, whether these are original units or reserve units. This was done to determine the interview status: interview completed, nonresponse, refusal, etc. In other words, this will allow identifying: the completed interviews (responses obtained), the incomplete but usable ones (responses obtained), the incomplete ones but not usable (nonresponse), the refusals (nonresponse) and the "not at home" (nonresponse). Subsequently, the invalid units identified were substituted with the available reserves, always maintaining the sample of 8 HUs.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Four survey instruments were used to collect information for the 2005 Albania LSMS: a household questionnaire, a diary for recording household food consumption, a community questionnaire, and a price questionnaire.

The household questionnaire included all the core LSMS modules as defined in Grosh and Glewwe (2000)1, plus additional modules on migration, fertility, subjective poverty, agriculture, non-farm enterprises, and social capital. Geographical referencing data on the longitude and latitude of each household were also recorded using portable GPS devices. Geo-referencing will enable a more efficient spatial link among the different surveys of the system, as well as between the survey households and other geo-referenced information.

The choice of the modules was aimed at matching as much as possible the specificity of Albania in terms of data needs, as driven by pressing policy questions. Their design (e.g. questions asked, their sequence, units and time-frames used) was also adapted to fit the Albanian reality.

Household membership in this survey is defined as being away from the household for less than six months. Deceased individuals, lodgers, hired workers and servants are never considered household members. Guests who stay with the household for six months and over, infants of less than six months, new arrivals (such as newly weds) are considered household members. The head of the household is always considered a member of the household irrespective of the time s/he spent away from it.

The questionnaire was divided in two sections, and was administered to households in two visits, one section per visit. During the second visit the interviewer would also collect additional information of use for the eventual tracking of the household in the next waves of the panel.

The Diary for Recording Daily Household Consumption (also known as the booklet) was left with the household by the interviewer during the first visit for the household to compile, and collected during the second visit. Upon collection, interviewers took care of checking the entries (also with the help of a checklist provided at the end of the booklet) and correct them as appropriate with the help of the most knowledgeable person in the household.

The diary consists of:
A. A cover page (for metadata information);
B. Instructions for the household on how to record consumption;
C. Fourteen (i.e. one per day) three-part sections for the recording of (1) food products purchased daily; (2) non-purchased food products consumed by the household (e.g. from own production or payments in kind); (3) food eaten outside the home (e.g. at work, in restaurants);
D. A checklist for use by the interviewer with a list of the 14 main food products consumed in Albania.
E. Bread Questionnaire

A specific column was provided for the household to record the ‘reference period’ for any purchases of food. The checklist was compiled by the interviewer, with the help of the most knowledgeable person in the household, upon collection of the diary. Interviewers were instructed to check, for 14 main food staples, whether any consumption of the item had been recorded in the diary. Whenever an item had not been recorded the interviewer would ask the respondent to report whether the item (a) had not been used in the 14 day period, or (b) had been consumed but the household had forgotten to record its consumption, or else (c) had been consumed by the household drawing on stocks purchased or produced outside the 14 day period. If the inclusion of an item had simply been forgotten the interviewer would then fill the appropriate section of the diary by asking the household to recall the details of that consumption. If the household reported consuming an item purchased before the beginning of the 14 day period, then information on the frequency of purchase, quantity, unit of measure and value of the purchase were recorded in the columns provided to this end in the checklist.

Data users should therefore make sure of using the checklist, as well as column 7 in the table on daily purchases, to supplement the food consumption information included in the main part of the food diary. The rest of the questionnaire was filled in two stages. One half of the questionnaire was filled at the initial visit to the household and the other half at the second visit. In order to allow for completion of the cropping season, and the identification of agricultural households, the agricultural module was sent out in the Fall 2005 (to be precise October), only to the households that claimed to have any plots of land or livestock.

The Community Questionnaire Information was collected in the Fall of 2005 for Tirana, Urban (other than Tirana), and Rural areas with a few slightly different questions for each. When using data from these questions the analyst should make sure of integrating information that appears in different variables in the dataset. In a few cases in which a question did not make sense in an urban context the question was only asked in rural communities.

In rural areas the community was normally defined as a village and the inhabited area surrounding it. In urban areas the definition was less straightforward, and it was decided on a case by case basis by the core team and the supervisors with the objective of selecting areas that would be understood as communities by the respondents, from time to time adopting boundaries matching those of administrative partitions of the urban areas, the neighborhood or sector. In Tirana the community was identified with the minibashkia level of the administrative partition of the city.

The supervisors were instructed to administer the questionnaire to a group of persons reputed to be best informed about each module within a community (e.g. teachers for the education questions, doctors or hospital managers for health related ones). Whenever possible, the questionnaire was administered in groups and the prevailing response (in case of differing views) was recorded. When this was not possible, respondents were interviewed separately. In a majority of cases, however, the questionnaire was in practice administered to only one respondent, generally an elected or appointed community leader.

The fourth survey instrument used was the price questionnaire. The price questionnaire was sent out at the same time as the core questionnaire, that is, during May-July 2005, in order to obtain the prices faced by households at the same time that the field work was going on.

Data for 96 different items were collected in each community. Prices were generally collected in only one outlet, except for urban communities for which two or three price observations are available. Thirteen of the latter are urban areas in which the monthly price data collection regularly is done by INSTAT for the consumer price index was used.

Cleaning operations
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Besides the checks built-in in the DE program and those performed on the preliminary versions of the dataset as it was building up, and additional round of in depth checks on the household questionnaire and the food diary was performed in November in Tirana. Wherever possible data entry errors or inconsistencies in the dataset were spotted, the original questionnaires or diary were retrieved and the information contained therein checked.

摘要
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在过去十年中，阿尔巴尼亚致力于构建市场经济框架和更加开放的社会。在此过程中，它面临着严重的内部和外部挑战——极低的收入水平、基础设施匮乏，1991年政权更迭后产出迅速崩溃和通货膨胀上升，1997年的金字塔危机引发的动荡，以及1999年科索沃危机伴随的社会经济冲击。面对这些挑战，阿尔巴尼亚在创造有利于增长和减贫的条件方面取得了显著进展。

在制定其首个减贫战略（即社会经济发展的国家战略，现更名为国家发展战略与一体化）的过程中，阿尔巴尼亚政府加强了其收集和分析必要信息以指导政策制定的承诺。

多功能家庭调查是国家生活状况和贫困状况测量的主要信息来源之一。它们为政策制定者监测和定位社会项目提供了不可或缺的工具。在其第一阶段（2001-2006年），该监测系统包括以下数据收集工具：（i）人口和住房普查；（ii）每三年一次的生活水平测量调查，以及（iii）年度面板调查。

2001年4月进行的_population and housing census_为该国提供了迫切需要的更新后的抽样框架，这是家庭调查结构的一个基石。在这一监测系统的第一阶段，重点在于周期性的LSMS（2002年和2005年），随后是对LSMS家庭子样本进行面板调查（2003年和2004年），这些调查大量依赖于2001年的普查信息。

基于2002年数据的贫困状况显示，约25%的人口处于贫困状态，许多人由于收入接近贫困线而容易陷入贫困。与基本基础设施（如定期供电、清洁水）、教育、医疗服务、住房等相关的收入贫困问题进一步加剧。

2005年的LSMS调查在2005年5月至7月初进行，并在2005年10月对农业家庭进行了额外访问。该调查工作由INSTAT的生活水平部门承担，并得到了世界银行的技枓援助。

地理覆盖范围
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全国覆盖。
领域：地拉那，其他城市，农村；农业生态区（沿海、中部、山区）

分析单元
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- 家庭
- 个人

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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阿尔巴尼亚共和国在地理上分为12个行政区（Prefekturat）。后者分为区（Rrethet），进而分为城市（Qyteti）和乡镇（Komunat）。乡镇包含所有农村村庄和非常小的城市。为了普查目的，城市和村庄已被划分为计数区域（EAs）。

1. 抽样框架

构成抽样框架的计数区域（EA）来自2001年4月的总人口和住房普查。框架中的EA按行政区、区、城市或乡镇分类。框架还包含每个EA的住房单元（HU）数量、占用HU数量、未占用HU数量、家庭数量和人口数量。我们使用占用住宅而不是住宅总数，因为许多EA包含大量空置住宅。

对普查EA名单的详细研究显示，其中许多地区人口为零。为了获得至少50个、最多120个占用住房单元的EA，已从抽样框架中移除了人口为零的EA。由于EA的大小从0到395个HU不等，较小的EA（少于50个HU）已被与其地理位置相邻的EA合并，而较大的EA（多于120个HU）已被分割成两个或更多EA。随后，准备了标识每个分割和合并EA边界的地图。鉴于2002年LSMS在2001年4月的普查后不到一年进行，因此在现场没有进行样本EA的更新清单操作。然而，由于地拉那市及其郊区的建筑水平非常高，对在地拉那市选择的75个样本EA进行了快速计数，随后进行了清单操作。基于普查数据的清单检查揭示了两种类型的差异：
- HU已失效，即空置、非住宅、被拆除、季节性占用等。
- 取代于一个小建筑（含一个或两个HU），出现了一个新的建筑，包含15个HU。

在清单更新过程中，被标识为无效的HU被从框架中移除。在发现新建筑的情况下，这些新的HU以新的顺序代码登记。在地拉那市清单操作期间准备的清单成为最终选择12个HU进行访谈的抽样框架。分析单位和观察单位是家庭。研究范围包括阿尔巴尼亚共和国的所有家庭。我们使用住房单元（定义为被一个家庭占用的空间）作为抽样单位，而不是家庭，因为HU更持久且在现场更容易识别。

2. 样本量

在LSMS中，样本量是450个EA，每个EA中选择8个家庭。因此，LSMS的总样本量是3600个家庭。此外，预计会有一定程度的非回应，因此在每个样本EA中选择了4个备用单位。

3. 分层

抽样框架已被分为三个地区（层）
1. 沿海地区
2. 中部地区
3. 山区
地拉那（城市和其他城市）被视为一个单独的层。

前三个层被分为主要城市（该地区最重要的城市）、其他城市（该地区其余的城市）和农村。在每个层中，对主要城市和农村地区给予了更高的重视。我们为每个主要城市选择了10个EA，为每个地区选择了65个EA（山区为75个EA）。在地拉那市及其郊区，采用了隐式分层来提高样本设计的效率。

4. 住房单元选择程序

从地拉那市的清单表和其他地区的普查表中系统地、等概率地选择了固定数量的有效住宅单元（12个）。一旦选择了12个HU，就随机选择了其中的4个作为备用单位。选定的HU在EA内编号，并在清单表上以及地图上用圆圈标明。备用样本（单位9至12）在数据收集期间用R1至R4进行标识，以强调它们是备用单位。

为每个EA打印了两份样本清单表和两份地图。第一份清单表和地图交给了主管，包括12个HU，第二份清单表交给了调查员。调查员只收到了8个住宅单元，不包括备用单元。每次调查员需要备用HU时，他/她都必须向主管询问，并说明为什么需要备用单位。这个过程有助于确定使用备用单位的原因，并提供了更多对其使用的控制。

在现场，调查员记录了每个单元的占用状况：
- 作为主要居住地占用
- 空置
- 施工中（未占用）
- 被拆除或废弃（未占用）
- 季节性占用

如果在某个HU中发现其无效，调查员将使用第一个备用单位（以代码R1标识）。如果在某个EA中选定的超过4个DU无效，总部（在地拉那市）将随机选择该EA的其他单位作为替换单位，以保持调查员的工作量恒定，并在每个EA中保持均匀的样本量。在识别无效HU之前，调查员必须记录所有尝试访谈的单元的访谈状态，无论是原始单元还是备用单元。这样做是为了确定访谈状态：访谈完成、非回应、拒绝等。换句话说，这将允许识别：完成的访谈（获得回应）、不完整但可用的访谈（获得回应）、不完整但不可用的访谈（非回应）、拒绝（非回应）和“不在家”（非回应）。随后，被识别为无效的单元被可用的备用单元所替代，始终保持样本量为8个HU。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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用于收集2005年阿尔巴尼亚LSMS信息的四个调查工具包括：家庭问卷、记录家庭日常消费的日记、社区问卷和价格问卷。

家庭问卷包括了Grosh和Glewwe（2000）1中定义的所有核心LSMS模块，以及关于移民、生育、主观贫困、农业、非农企业和社会资本的附加模块。还使用便携式GPS设备记录了每个家庭的经纬度地理参照数据。地理参照将使系统内不同调查之间的空间联系更加高效，以及调查家庭与其他地理参照信息之间的联系。

模块的选择旨在尽可能满足阿尔巴尼亚在数据需求方面的具体性，这些需求是由迫切的政策问题驱动的。它们的设计（例如，问题的提出、它们的顺序、使用的单位和时间框架）也被调整为适应阿尔巴尼亚的现实。

在本调查中，家庭成员的定义为离开家庭时间少于六个月。已故个人、寄宿者、雇工和仆人永远不会被视为家庭成员。与家庭共同居住六个月及以上的客人、不足六个月的婴儿、新到达者（如新婚夫妇）被视为家庭成员。无论家庭成员离开家庭的时间长短，户主始终被视为家庭成员。

问卷分为两个部分，并在两次访问中对家庭进行管理，每次访问一个部分。在第二次访问时，调查员还会收集对家庭在下一轮面板调查中跟踪有用的额外信息。

记录每日家庭消费的日记（也称为手册）由调查员在第一次访问时留在家中，由家庭编制，并在第二次访问时收回。收回后，调查员会检查条目（也使用手册末尾提供的清单进行检查）并根据家庭中最有知识的人的协助进行适当的更正。

日记包括：
A. 封面（用于元数据信息）；
B. 对家庭如何记录消费的说明；
C. 四个（即每天一个）三部分章节，用于记录（1）每日购买的食品产品；（2）家庭消费的非购买食品产品（例如，来自自有生产或实物支付）；（3）在家外消费的食品（例如，在工作场所、在餐馆）；
D. 供调查员使用的清单，列出了在阿尔巴尼亚消费的14种主要食品产品；
E. 面包问卷

家庭为任何购买的食品提供了记录“参考期”的特定列。清单由调查员编制，在日记收集时得到家庭中最有知识的人的协助。调查员被指示检查14种主要主食是否在日记中有消费记录。如果日记中没有记录任何项目，调查员会询问受访者是否（a）在14天期间没有使用该项目，或（b）已消费但家庭忘记记录其消费，或（c）已通过使用在14天期间外购买的或生产的库存来消费。如果项目的包含仅仅是忘记的，调查员则会通过询问家庭该消费的详细信息来填写日记中的相应部分。如果家庭报告在14天开始前消费了购买的项目，那么在清单的相应列中记录了购买频率、数量、计量单位和购买价值的信息。

因此，数据用户应确保使用清单以及表格中每日购买部分第7列，以补充食品日记主要部分中包含的食品消费信息。其余的问卷分两个阶段填写。问卷的一半在初始访问时填写，另一半在第二次访问时填写。为了允许完成作物季节，并识别农业家庭，农业模块于2005年秋季（确切地说是在10月）仅发送给声称拥有任何土地或牲畜的家庭。

社区问卷信息于2005年秋季在蒂拉纳、城市（除蒂拉纳外）和农村地区收集，针对每个地区有一些略有不同的问题。在分析这些问题的数据时，分析师应确保整合数据集中出现的信息。在某些情况下，如果问题在城市化环境中没有意义，则仅在农村社区中提问。

在农村地区，社区通常被定义为村庄及其周围的居住区。在城市地区，定义不太直接，由核心团队和主管根据每个地区的情况确定，目的是选择受访者会不时理解为其社区的区域。有时，会采用与城市区域行政划分相匹配的边界，例如邻域或部门。在蒂拉纳，社区与城市的minibashkia级别行政划分相一致。

主管被指示将问卷发放给每个社区模块中信息最丰富的一组人员（例如，教育问题的教师，与健康相关的问题的医生或医院经理）。只要可能，以小组形式进行问卷，并记录普遍的回应（在意见不同的情况下）。如果不可能这样做，受访者将单独接受采访。然而，在实践中，大多数情况下问卷实际上只发放给一位受访者，通常是选出的或任命的社区领袖。

第四个调查工具是价格问卷。价格问卷与核心问卷同时发放，即在2005年5月至7月期间，以便在实地工作进行的同时获得家庭面临的价格。

在每个社区收集了96种不同商品的数据。价格通常只在一家商店收集，除了城市社区，对于城市社区，有两个或三个价格观测值可用。其中13个是城市区域，INSTAT定期进行消费者价格指数的月度价格数据收集。

数据清洗操作
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除了DE程序内置的检查和在构建数据集的初步版本中进行的检查之外，在2005年11月在地拉那对家庭问卷和食品日记进行了深入检查的额外一轮检查。 wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever possible wherever 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