Data from: Phylogeny of gracillariid leaf-mining moths: evolution of larval behaviour inferred from phylogenomic and Sanger data

Gracillariidae is the most taxonomically diverse cosmopolitan leaf-mining
moth family, consisting of nearly 2000 named species in 105 described
genera, classified into eight extant subfamilies. The majority of
gracillariid species are internal plant feeders as larvae, creating mines
and galls in plant tissue. Despite their diversity and ecological
adaptations, their phylogenetic relationships, especially at the subfamily
level, remain largely uncertain. Genomic data (83 taxa and 589 loci) were
integrated with Sanger data (130 taxa and 22 loci), to reconstruct a
phylogeny of Gracillariidae. Based on analyses of both data sets combined
and analyzed separately, the monophyly of Gracillariidae and all its
subfamilies, and the monophyly of the clade ‘LAMPO’ (subfamilies:
Lithocolletinae, Acrocercopinae, Marmarinae, Phyllocnistinae, and
Oecophyllembiinae) and relationships of its subclade ‘AMO’ (subfamilies:
Acrocercopinae, Marmarinae, and Oecophyllembiinae) were strongly
supported. A sister group relationship of Ornixolinae to the remainder of
the family, and a monophyletic leaf roller lineage (Callicercops Vári +
Parornichinae) + Gracillariinae, as sister to the ‘LAMPO’ clade were
supported by the best hypotheses. Based on these results, a new subfamily,
Callicercopinae Li, Ohshima et Kawahara, is established to accommodate the
enigmatic genus Callicercops. Dating analyses indicate a mid-Cretaceous
(105.3 Ma) origin of the family, followed by a rapid diversification into
the nine subfamilies predating the K-Pg extinction. We hypothesize that
advanced larval behaviours, such as making keeled or tentiform blotch
mines, rolling leaves, and making galls, accelerated the diversification
of Gracillariidae by avoiding larval parasitoids.