Time-Dependent Photogravitational Model for Deriving G and Stellar Mass from Observations

This work presents a time-dependent extension of the photogravitational model, enabling direct derivation of Newton’s gravitational constant (G) and stellar mass (M) from standard astrophysical observables without reliance on external models. By incorporating temporal variation into the photogravitational ratio (Φ), the method allows continuous monitoring of gravitational and radiative balance, testing the constancy of G, and identifying anomalous stellar behavior. The approach remains purely algebraic and grounded in observable data from a single star.