Botryococcus braunii reduces algal grazing losses to Daphnia and Poterioochromonas through both chemical and physical interference

The data and code provided here is used to analyze and visualize all data associated with the manuscript "Botryococcus braunii reduces algal grazing losses to Daphniaand Poterioochromonas through both chemical and physical interference" in the Journal of Applied Phycology under the DOI: 10.1007/s10811-024-03330-x

Data should be analyzed in R or R studio. The code in the .Rmd file should execute automatically with no modifications by the user as long as the two csv files are placed in the same working directory that R is set to. The R project (.Rproj) file may also be opened directly to create an R project that is automatically set to the correct directory. Metadata explaining the contents of two data files is provided in the README.csv file.

ABSTRACT: Crop protection from algal grazers is a key area of concern, as grazing zooplankton and flagellates can decimate microalgae crops and impede economic viability of cultivation for biofuels and bioproducts. Inhibition of grazing by chemical and physical interference is one promising solution; however, there have been few empirical tests of this approach that use defense traits innate to algal crop species. Botryococcus braunii is of particular interest because a) it excretes high levels of hydrocarbons and exopolysaccharides and b) forms colonies and possesses chemical defenses. Here we conduct a controlled laboratory experiment to test whether B. braunii can mitigate losses to grazing by two distinct grazers, Daphnia magna and Poterioochromonas malhamensis, due to both chemical inhibition and physical interference linked to large/inedible colonies. We show that chemical and physical defenses interactively reduce the total effect of grazing, thus significantly increasing the biomass and growth rates of cultures of B. braunii and Nannochloropsis limnetica when either grazer is present. We also find that B. braunii medium enhances the growth of N. limnetica. Our study demonstrates how community engineering can identify synergies arising from algal co-cultivation (e.g., by using industrially relevant strains for crop protection). While our lab study serves as a proof-of-concept, future research should test this strategy at pilot scale; if successful, such ecological discoveries may help to reduce the costs of large-scale deployment of algal cultivation for sustainable foods, fuels, bioproducts (e.g., bioplastics), and carbon capture.