Global spatiotemporal patterns of demographic fluctuations in terrestrial vertebrates during the Late Pleistocene

Demographic fluctuations are crucial for assessing species’ threat levels, yet their global spatiotemporal patterns and historical drivers remain unknown. Here, we used single whole-genome sequence data for 527 extant and widespread terrestrial vertebrates to investigate their demographic fluctuations during the Late Pleistocene. Effective population size (Ne) simulations indicated that all taxa experienced a population decline from the Last Interglacial to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). After the LGM, birds, and amphibians underwent population expansion, whereas mammals and reptiles’ populations declined. Regions with high Ne shifted from Neotropical to Afrotropical and to Palearctic, some overlapping with recognized glacial refugia and biodiversity hotspots. In addition, climate-related factors exerted long-term effects on Ne, while human disturbances might confine to specific regions around the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary. This study underscores the significance of quantifying ver..., , , # Data from: Global spatiotemporal patterns of demographic fluctuations for terrestrial vertebrates during the Late Pleistocene

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.31zcrjdwq](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.31zcrjdwq)

## Files and variables

### `The_genomic_information.csv`

This file contains the names of each species and their Genbank accession IDs used in this study:

* **Latin name**: The scientific name of each species
* **Class**: The class of each species
* **Order**: The order to which each species belongs
* **Family**: The family classification for each species
* **Accession ID**: The GenBank ID of the genome used for each species
* **Project ID**: The project ID associated with each genome
* **Sample ID**: The sample ID for each genome

### `01.Ne_cluster_analysis`

This folder contains the effective population size (*Ne*) data, IUCN conservation status information, and taxonomic information for each species in this study.

* **`species_raw_Ne.txt`**: This file contains the effect...,