Bus-Exposure Matrix - Switzerland

Abstract
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Swiss bus drivers suffer from musculoskeletal disorders, fatigue, and stress, and have an excess of mortality from lung cancer and suicide. However, their occupational exposure is poorly documented.
We created a bus-exposure matrix (BEM) to determine exposures (mean and standard deviation) to equivalent noise, peak noise, whole-body vibration (WBV), floor vibration, high-frequency and low-frequency electric fields, low-frequency magnetic fields, air exchange rate and the ratio between internal and external air particles in PM10 and ultrafine particles for 705 bus models used in Switzerland since 1980. For this, we made a bus inventory, identified ten bus-models representative of the Swiss fleet evolution, and conducted static and dynamic exposure measurement campaigns between November 2021 and May 2023. The measured values were then extended to the entire fleet using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) models. The choice of predictors, technical bus characteristics from the bus inventory, included in the model was based on directed acyclic graphs.
The BEM is an original tool to assess retrospective exposure to physico-chemical hazards that will enable further research in occupational health of bus drivers.

Geographic coverage
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Switzerland

Analysis unit
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Bus model

Universe
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Bus drivers

Kind of data
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Environmental data

Mode of data collection
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Other [oth]

Cleaning operations
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We collected the measured data and then calculated average exposure values for the various physico-chemical hazards for urban and regional roads where applicable.
Then, for each physicochemical exposure, we created mathematical models to extend these exposure values to the entire Swiss bus fleet. We used INLA to model the data. The modeled values were then checked to ensure that they were feasible (no negative concentrations) and consistent with existing literature.
Data analysis and modeling with the free software R, version 4.2.3

摘要
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瑞士公交车司机饱受骨骼肌肉疾病、疲劳及压力之苦，且其肺癌及自杀死亡率超出常人。然而，他们职业暴露情况记录不足。本研究构建了一款公交车暴露矩阵（BEM），以确定自1980年以来在瑞士使用的705款公交车模型所遭受的等效噪声、峰值噪声、全身振动（WBV）、地板振动、高频及低频电场、低频磁场、空气交换率以及PM10和超细颗粒物内部与外部空气粒子比值的暴露（平均数及标准差）。为此，我们编制了公交车清单，确定了十个代表瑞士车队演变的公交车型号，并在2021年11月至2023年5月间开展了静态和动态暴露测量活动。随后，利用综合嵌套拉普拉斯近似（INLA）模型将这些测量值扩展至整个车队。模型中包含的预测因子，即来自公交车清单的技术特性，是基于有向无环图选择的。
BEM是一款原创工具，旨在评估物理化学危害的回顾性暴露情况，这将有助于进一步研究公交车司机的职业健康。
地理覆盖范围
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瑞士
分析单元
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公交车型号
总体
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公交车司机
数据类型
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环境数据
数据收集方式
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其他[oth]
数据清洗操作
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我们收集了测量数据，并计算出适用于城市和区域道路的多种物理化学危害的平均暴露值。然后，针对每种物理化学暴露，我们创建了数学模型，将这些暴露值扩展至整个瑞士公交车队。我们使用INLA模型化数据。模型化后的值经过检查，确保其可行性（无负浓度）并符合现有文献。
使用免费软件R版本4.2.3进行数据分析与建模。