Differences in the mean (95% confidence interval) loneliness scores comparing dog, cat, and no-pet groups in each of the four phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Social loneliness (Social) and emotional loneliness due to the deficits in family relationships (Family) and intimate relationships (Romantic) are quantified using the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults Short Version, each range from 1 to 7 with higher scores indicating higher degrees of loneliness. N = 4,166.