Census of Population and Housing 2010 - Philippines

Abstract
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Census of Population and Housing (CPH) refers to the entire process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing, publishing, and disseminating data about the population and the living quarters in a country. It entails the listing and recording of the characteristics of each individual and each living quarter as of a specified time and within a specified territory. In other words, the CPH offers a “snapshot” of the entire population on a specific date, that is, how many people reside within the national borders, who they are, and where they live during such specified date. Also, included are the characteristics of the housing units where they reside.

The 2010 CPH is designed to take an inventory of the total population and housing units in the Philippines and collect information about their characteristics. The census of population is the source of information on the size and distribution of the population, as well as their demographic, social, economic, and cultural characteristics. The census of housing, on the other hand, provides information on the stock of housing units and their structural characteristics and facilities which have bearing on the maintenance of privacy and health, and the development of normal family living conditions. These information are vital for making rational plans and programs for local and national development.

Specifically, the 2010 CPH aims to:
- obtain comprehensive data on the size, composition, and distribution of the population of the Philippines;
- gather data on birth registration, literacy, school attendance, place of school, highest grade/year completed, residence 5 years ago, overseas worker, usual occupation, kind of business or industry, class of worker, place of work, fertility, religion, citizenship, ethnic group, disability, and functional difficulty, and determine their geographic distribution;
- take stock of the housing units existing in the country and to get information about their geographic location, structural characteristics, and facilities, among others;
- obtain information on the characteristics of the barangay, which will be used as basis for urban-rural classification; and
- serve as sampling frame for use in household-based surveys.

Data collected in this census were compiled, evaluated, analyzed, published, and disseminated for the use of government, business, industry, social scientists, other research and academic institutions, and the general public. Among the important uses of census data are the following:

In government:
- redistricting and apportionment of congressional seats;
- allocation of resources and revenues;
- creation of political and administrative units;
- formulation of policies concerning population and housing; and
- formulation of programs relative to the delivery of basic services for health, education, housing, and others

In business and industry:
- determination of sites for establishing businesses;
- determination of consumer demands for various goods and services; and
- determination of supply of labor for the production of goods and services

In research and academic institutions:
- conduct of researches on population and other disciplines; and
- study of population growth and distribution as basis in preparing projections

Geographic coverage
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National coverage
Regions
Provinces
Cities and Municipalities
Barangays

Analysis unit
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household questionnaire: individuals (household members), households, housing units
institutional questionnaire: individuals (institutional population), institutional living quarters
barangay questionnaire: barangay

Universe
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Census-taking in the Philippines follows a de-jure concept wherein a person is counted in the usual place of residence or the place where the person usually resides. Information on the count of the population and living quarters were collected with 12:01 a.m. of May 1, 2010 as the census reference time and date.

The following individuals were enumerated:

- Those who were present at the time of visit and whose usual place of residence is the housing unit where the household lives.

- Those whose usual place of residence is the place where the household lives but are temporarily away at the time of the census.

- Boarders/lodgers of the household or employees of household-operated businesses who do not usually return/go to their respective homes weekly.

- Overseas workers and who have been away at the time of the census for not more than five years from the date of departure and are expected to be back within five years from the date of last departure.

- Filipino "balikbayans" with usual place of residence in a foreign country but have resided or are expected to reside in the Philippines for at least a year from their arrival.

- Citizens of foreign countries who have resided or are expected to reside in the Philippines for at least a year from their arrival, except members of diplomatic missions and non-Filipino members of international organizations.

- Persons temporarily staying with the household who have no usual place of residence or who are not certain to be enumerated elsewhere.

Kind of data
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Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure
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In the 2010 CPH, there are basically two types of questionnaires used for the enumeration of household members. These are CPH Form 2 or the Common Household Questionnaire and CPH Form 3 or the Sample Household Questionnaire. CPH Form 3 contains more questions than CPH Form 2.

The 2010 CPH was carried out through a combination of complete enumeration and sampling. For this census, systematic cluster sampling was adopted. This sampling method is designed in such a way that efficient and accurate estimates will be obtained at the city/municipality level.

The sampling rate or the proportion of households to be selected as samples depends on the size of the city/municipality where the Enumeration Area (EA) is located. For the cities/municipalities with estimated number of households of 500 and below, 100 percent sampling rate was used. While for those cities/municipalities with estimated number of households of 501 and above, a sampling rate of 20 percent was implemented.

In this sampling scheme, each city/municipality was treated as a domain. For city/municipality with 100 percent sampling rate, all households in all the EAs within this city/municipality were selected as samples. For those with a 20 percent sampling rate, systematic cluster sampling was adopted. That is, sample selection of one in five clusters with the first cluster selected at random. Thus in effect, the EAs belonging to the city/municipality with 20 percent sampling rate are divided into clusters of size 5. Random start is pre-determined for each EA.

If the sampling rate applied to a city/municipality is 100 percent, it means that all households in that municipality were administered with CPH Form 3. If it is 20 percent, it means that 20 percent of all households used CPH Form 3 while 80 percent used CPH Form 2.

The random start used by EA is a number from 1 to 5 which was used to select the cluster where the first sample households in an EA, and subsequently the other sample households, were included.

Clusters are formed by grouping together households that have been assigned consecutive serial numbers as they were listed in the Listing Booklet. For a 20 percent sampling rate, clusters were formed by grouping together five households.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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CPH Form 1 - Listing Booklet
This form is a booklet used to list the buildings, housing units, households, and the Institutional Living Quarters (ILQs) within an EA. This form also records other important information such as the name of household heads and name and type of institutions and their addresses, population totals, and counts of males and females.

CPH Form 2 - Common Household Questionnaire
This is the basic census questionnaire, which was used to interview and record information about the common or nonsample households. This questionnaire gathered information on the following demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population: relationship to household head, sex, date of birth, age, birth registration, marital status, religion, ethnicity, citizenship, disability, functional difficulty, highest grade/year completed, residence 5 years ago, and overseas worker. It also contains questions on the type of building/house, construction materials of the roof and outer walls, state of repair of the building/house, year the building/house was built, floor area of the housing unit, and tenure status of the lot.

CPH Form 3 - Sample Household Questionnaire
This is the basic census questionnaire, which was used to interview and record information about the sample households. This questionnaire contains ALL questions asked in CPH Form 2 PLUS additional population questions: literacy, school attendance, place of school, usual occupation, kind of business or industry, class of worker, place of work, and some items on fertility. Moreover, there are additional questions on household characteristics: fuel for lighting and cooking, source of water supply for drinking and/or cooking and for laundry, and bathing, tenure status of the housing unit, acquisition of the housing unit, source of financing of the housing unit, monthly rental of the housing unit, tenure status of the lot, usual manner of garbage disposal, kind of toilet facility, and land ownership. It also asked questions on the language/dialect generally spoken at home, residence five years from now, and presence of household conveniences/devices, and access to internet.

CPH Form 4 - Institutional Population Questionnaire
This questionnaire was used to record information about persons who were considered part of the institutional population. It contains questions on residence status, sex, age, date of birth, birth registration, marital status, religious affiliation, citizenship, ethnicity, disability, functional difficulty, and highest grade/year completed.

CPH Form 5 - Barangay Schedule
This form was used to record the characteristics of each barangay, kinds of establishments and service facilities in the area or within some specified distance from the area, and travel information from town/city proper to the barangay.

Cleaning operations
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Data editing was done at the following stages:

1) Scrutiny of questionnaires by the Field Supervisors during data collection
2) Editing and verification during Manual Processing at the Provincial Offices
4) Geo-ID validation and data consistency checking during Machine Processing at the Census Processing Centers
5) Geo-ID validation, data consistency checking, and automated editing at the Central Office

Data appraisal
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EVALUATION OF POPULATION COUNTS FROM THE 2010 CPH

Progress monitoring reports were utilized to track the progress of census field operations and to evaluate the completeness of census coverage in each enumeration area while the enumeration was still ongoing. The provincial, regional, and central offices of NSO monitored the progress through the Progress Monitoring System (PMS). It used as inputs the Enumerator's Accomplishment/PM Reports (CPH Form 10). The evaluation continued after the enumeration period using counts from processed questionnaires from the twelve Census Processing Centers 2010 (CPC 2010) across the country.

Evaluation of Counts at the NSO Field Offices

The Regional Office (RO) was responsible for the evaluation of the 2010 CPH counts for the region while the Provincial Office (PO) was responsible for the province. The computerized reporting through the PMS facilitated the evaluation at the PO and the RO. The PMS generated various reports which include the Enumeration Area (EA) Progress Enumeration Report (PMS Report 3). This report shows the counts of population of males and females and number of households by EA and the status of enumeration in each EA or barangay based on the information from CPH Form 10. Another PMS report generated at the PO is the Barangay Coverage Report (PMS Report 4). This report was used to evaluate the acceptability of the reported counts for the following indicators, computed up to the barangay level:

a. Household and population counts

b. Demographic indicators
· Annual population growth rate
· Percent change in the number of households
· Average household size

c. Difference between 2010 and 2007 institutional population

d. Number and percent of EAs completed

The field offices investigated areas with demographically implausible growth rates and questionable values in any of the cited indicators.

Evaluation at the Central Office

Parallel monitoring and evaluation were done at the Central Office particularly at the Household Statistics Department (HSD). The information used for the evaluation by HSD were:

a. 2010 CPH counts up to the barangay level generated through PMS;

b. 2010 CPH counts up to the barangay level from the Enumeration Area Reference File (EARF) filled up with population counts by the Provincial Offices after matching and completeness checking of census questionnaires during the manual processing;

c. 2010 CPH counts up to the barangay level generated by CPCs;

d. average annual population growth rates for the provinces and cities/municipalities for the periods 1990-1995, 1995-2000, 2000-2007, 1990-2000, 1995-2007, 2000-2010 and for all geographic levels, that is, including barangay level, for the period 2007-2010;

e. sex ratio for the provinces and cities/municipalities for the year 2007, and for all geographic levels for the year 2010;

f. average household size for all geographic levels for the years 2000, 2007, and 2010;

g. percent change of population between census years 2000 and 2007, 2000 and 2010, and 2007 and 2010 for all geographic levels; and

h. difference in the total population, household population, and number of households between census years 2000 and 2007, 2000 and 2010, and 2007 and 2010 for all geographic levels.

Below are other sources of information used as inputs for the extrapolation of population for 2010. Results of extrapolation were compared with the population counts from 2010 CPH.

a. vital registration data on annual births and deaths and estimates of levels of registration based on 2000 CPH and POPCEN 2007, for the provinces and cities/municipalities;

b. number of housing units based on satellite images, for selected provinces and cities/municipalities; and

c. administrative records on membership of households in the community water or electric cooperatives, for selected provinces and cities/municipalities.

Acceptable or demographically plausible values for the abovementioned indicators, as well as the expected direction of their changes over time are specified in the Field Operations Manual of 2010 CPH (pages 133-134). The demographic indicators for each geographic area were evaluated using the procedures also contained in the Field Operations Manual. Explanations were sought if a particular indicator fell outside the acceptable range of values, or if the observed change in the indicator deviates from the expected demographic trend. The RO submitted to the CO the explanations of the POs in his/her region for areas with census results that were considered questionable by the CO based on its independent evaluation.

A more thorough procedure of evaluation was employed for barangays suspected of having census under-coverage or over-coverage. Careful scrutiny of questionnaires for these barangays was carried out following the procedures discussed in pages 135-136 of the Field Operations Manual. In extreme cases wherein the result of the scrutiny of questionnaires confirmed that under-enumeration or padding or fabrication of population was committed, field verification became necessary. Teams composed of Statisticians from the CO, the PSOs and Statisticians of concerned provinces conducted field verification in areas suspected of having been under-enumerated or over-enumerated.

摘要
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人口与住房普查（CPH）涉及收集、汇编、评估、分析、发布和传播关于一个国家人口及其居住环境的全部数据的过程。它包括记录在指定时间和指定领土内每个个体和每个居住单元的特征。换句话说，CPH提供了一个特定日期整个人口的“快照”，即有多少人居住在国家边界内，他们是谁，以及他们在指定日期期间居住在哪里。还包括他们居住的住房单元的特征。

2010年CPH旨在对菲律宾的总人口和住房单元进行清点，并收集有关其特征的信息。人口普查是关于人口规模和分布、以及人口的人口统计、社会、经济和文化特征的信息来源。另一方面，住房普查则提供了有关住房单元存量及其结构特征和设施的信息，这些设施对隐私和健康维护以及正常家庭生活条件的形成具有影响。这些信息对于制定地方和国家发展计划至关重要。

具体而言，2010年CPH旨在：
- 获取菲律宾人口的规模、构成和分布的全面数据；
- 收集有关出生登记、识字、上学、学校所在地、最高年级/完成年份、五年前的居住地、海外工人、通常职业、业务或行业类型、工人阶级、工作地点、生育率、宗教、国籍、民族、残疾和功能困难的信息，并确定其地理分布；
- 对国家现有的住房单元进行盘点，并获取有关其地理位置、结构特征和设施等信息；
- 获取有关 barangay 的特征信息，这些信息将被用作城市-乡村分类的基础；
- 作为基于家庭调查的抽样框架。

在本普查中收集的数据被汇编、评估、分析、发布和传播，供政府、商业、工业、社会科学家、其他研究机构和公众使用。普查数据的重要用途包括以下方面：

在政府方面：
- 国会席位的重新划区和分配；
- 资源和收入的分配；
- 政治和行政单位的创建；
- 制定有关人口和住房的政策；
- 制定有关健康、教育、住房和其他基本服务提供的相关计划。

在商业和工业方面：
- 确定建立企业的地点；
- 确定各种商品和服务的消费者需求；
- 确定商品和服务的生产所需的劳动力。

在研究机构和学术界：
- 开展关于人口和其他学科的研究；以及
- 研究人口增长和分布，作为编制预测的基础。

地理覆盖范围
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全国范围
地区
省份
城市和乡镇
barangay

分析单元
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家庭问卷：个人（家庭成员），家庭，住房单元
机构问卷：个人（机构人口），机构生活单元
barangay 问卷：barangay

总体
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菲律宾的普查遵循法定概念，即个人以其通常居住地或通常居住的地点进行计数。人口和居住单元的计数信息是在2010年5月1日凌晨12:01的普查参考时间和日期收集的。

以下个人被列入统计：

- 在访问时在场且通常居住在家庭居住的住房单元的人。

- 其通常居住地是家庭居住地但在此普查时暂时不在的人。

- 家庭的寄宿者/房客或家庭经营企业的员工，他们不通常每周返回/回家。

- 海外工人，他们在普查时已经离开超过五年，但预计将在最后离开日期后的五年内返回。

- 在外国有通常居住地的菲律宾“balikbayans”，但自到达之日起至少在菲律宾居住或预计将在一年内居住。

- 自到达之日起至少在菲律宾居住或预计将在一年内居住的外国公民，但外交使团成员和非菲律宾国际组织成员除外。

- 暂时与家庭同住但没有通常居住地或不确定在其他地方被列入统计的人员。

数据类型
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普查/点名数据 [cen]

抽样程序
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在2010年CPH中，基本使用两种问卷进行家庭成员的统计。这些是CPH表格2或通用家庭问卷和CPH表格3或样本家庭问卷。CPH表格3包含比CPH表格2更多的问题。

2010年CPH是通过完全统计和抽样的组合进行的。对于这次普查，采用了系统聚类抽样。这种抽样方法旨在以城市/乡镇水平获得有效且准确的估计。

抽样率或选定样本家庭的比例取决于统计区域所在城市/乡镇的估计家庭数量。对于估计家庭数量为500个以下的城市/乡镇，使用100％的抽样率。而对于估计家庭数量为501个以上的城市/乡镇，则实施了20％的抽样率。

在这个抽样方案中，每个城市/乡镇被视为一个域。对于100％抽样率的城市/乡镇，该城市/乡镇内所有统计区域的全部家庭都被选为样本。对于20％抽样率的城市/乡镇，采用了系统聚类抽样。也就是说，选择每个五簇中的一簇作为样本，第一簇是随机选择的。因此，实际上，20％抽样率的城市/乡镇的统计区域被分为大小为5的簇。每个统计区域的随机起点是1到5之间的一个数字，用于选择包含EA中第一个样本家庭和随后的其他样本家庭的簇。

簇是通过将按连续序列号列出的家庭分组在一起而形成的。对于20％的抽样率，簇是通过将五个家庭分组在一起而形成的。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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CPH表格1 - 列表手册
这是一个手册，用于列出统计区域内的建筑物、住房单元、家庭和机构生活单元。此表格还记录其他重要信息，如户主姓名、机构名称和类型及其地址、人口总数和男女计数。

CPH表格2 - 通用家庭问卷
这是基本的普查问卷，用于访谈和记录关于常见或非样本家庭的信息。此问卷收集了以下关于人口的人口统计和社会经济特征的信息：与户主的关系、性别、出生日期、年龄、出生登记、婚姻状况、宗教、民族、国籍、残疾、功能困难、最高年级/完成年份、五年前的居住地、海外工人。它还包括有关建筑/房屋类型、屋顶和外墙的建筑材料、建筑/房屋的维修状态、建筑/房屋建造年份、住房单元的建筑面积和土地租用状态的提问。

CPH表格3 - 样本家庭问卷
这是基本的普查问卷，用于访谈和记录关于样本家庭的信息。此问卷包含CPH表格2中提出的所有问题，以及额外的关于人口的问题：识字、上学、学校所在地、通常职业、业务或行业类型、工人阶级、工作地点以及一些关于生育率的问题。此外，还有一些关于家庭特征的问题：照明和烹饪的燃料、饮用水和/或洗衣用水和洗涤用的水源、沐浴、住房单元的租用状态、住房单元的获得、住房单元融资来源、住房单元的月租金、土地的租用状态、垃圾的通常处理方式、卫生设施的类型和土地所有权。它还询问了在家中通常使用的语言/方言、五年后的居住地以及家庭便利设施/设备的可用性和互联网访问。

CPH表格4 - 机构人口问卷
此问卷用于记录被认定为机构人口的人的信息。它包含有关居住状态、性别、年龄、出生日期、出生登记、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、国籍、民族、残疾和功能困难的问题。

CPH表格5 - Barangay 调查表
此表格用于记录每个barangay的特征，以及该区域或在该区域一定距离内的机构和服务设施类型，以及从城镇/市中心到barangay的旅行信息。

数据清理
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在以下阶段进行了数据编辑：

1) 在数据收集期间，现场监督员对问卷的审查
2) 在省级办公室的手工处理期间的编辑和验证
4) 在普查处理中心机器处理期间的Geo-ID验证和数据一致性检查
5) 在中央办公室的Geo-ID验证、数据一致性检查和自动编辑

数据评估
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2010 CPH 人口计数评估

进度监控报告被用于跟踪普查现场操作进度，并在普查进行过程中评估每个统计区域的普查覆盖范围的完整性。NSO的省级、地区和中央办公室通过进度监控系统（PMS）监控进度。它使用作为输入的普查员完成/PM报告（CPH表格10）。评价在普查期间继续进行，使用来自全国十二个普查处理中心2010（CPC 2010）的处理过的问卷计数。

NSO现场办公室的计数评估

区域办公室（RO）负责评估该地区的2010年CPH计数，而省级办公室（PO）负责该省份。通过PMS的计算机报告简化了PO和RO的评价。PMS生成了各种报告，包括统计区域（EA）进度统计报告（PMS报告3）。此报告显示了男性和女性的人口计数以及按EA和每个EA或barangay的统计状况编制的家庭数量，以及根据CPH表格10的信息，每个EA或barangay的统计状况。在PO生成的另一个PMS报告是barangay覆盖范围报告（PMS报告4）。此报告用于评估以下指标的可接受性，计算到barangay级别：

a. 家庭和人口计数

b. 人口统计指标
· 年度人口增长率
· 家庭数量变化的百分比
· 平均家庭规模

c. 2010年与2007年机构人口之间的差异

d. 完成的EA数量和百分比

现场办公室调查了具有人口统计上不可能的增长率以及任何上述指标中可疑值存在的地区。

中央办公室的评价

在中央办公室，特别是在家庭统计部门（HSD）进行了并行监控和评价。HSD用于评价的信息如下：

a. 通过PMS生成的2010年CPH计数，直到barangay级别；

b. 来自EA参考文件（EARF）的2010年CPH计数，直到barangay级别，由省级办公室在手动处理期间进行匹配和完整性检查后填写的人口计数；

c. 由CPCs生成的2010年CPH计数，直到barangay级别；

d. 1990-1995、1995-2000、2000-2007、1990-2000、1995-2007、2000-2010期间的省和城市/乡镇的平均年度人口增长率，以及包括barangay级别在内的所有地理级别的期间2007-2010；

e. 2007年和2010年省和城市/乡镇的性别比，以及所有地理级别的2010年；

f. 所有地理级别2000年、2007年和2010年的平均家庭规模；

g. 2000年和2007年、2000年和2010年、2007年和2010年之间所有地理级别的人口变化的百分比；以及

h. 2000年和2007年、2000年和2010年、2007年和2010年之间所有地理级别的总人口、家庭人口和家庭数量的差异。

以下是一些其他用于人口2010年外推的信息来源，作为输入：

a. 每年出生和死亡的生命登记数据以及基于2000年CPH和POPCEN 2007的登记水平估计，针对省和城市/乡镇；

b. 基于卫星图像的住房单元数量，针对选定的省和城市/乡镇；以及

c. 关于社区水或电力合作社家庭成员资格的行政记录，针对选定的省和城市/乡镇。

上述指标的可接受值以及随时间变化的预期方向在2010年CPH现场操作手册（第133-134页）中指定。使用包含在现场操作手册中的同样程序对每个地理区域的人口统计指标进行了评估。如果某个指标超出可接受值范围，或者该指标的变化偏离了预期的人口统计趋势，则寻求解释。RO将PO对其区域内被认为有疑问的普查结果进行独立评估的解释提交给CO。

对于怀疑有普查覆盖率不足或过剩的barangay，采用了更彻底的评价程序。根据现场操作手册第135-136页中讨论的程序，对这些barangay的问卷进行了仔细的审查。在极端情况下，如果问卷审查的结果确认存在未统计、人口数据填充或人口数据伪造，则需要进行现场验证。由CO的统计员、PSOs以及相关省份的统计员组成的团队在怀疑有未统计或过剩的地区进行了现场验证。